帝国主义时代马克思主义理论的初创及其当代意义——罗莎·卢森堡《波兰的工业发展》研读

The Initial Creation of Marxist Theory in the Age of Imperialism and Its Contemporary Significance——A Study of The Industrial Development of Poland by Rosa Luxemburg

卢森堡的博士论文《波兰的工业发展》以波兰工业发展为题,实际上所关注的是以此为表征的波兰资本主义发展问题,以及波兰资本主义经济与其所附属的俄国资本主义经济的关系问题,进而回答两者发展的前途问题。虽然它带有很强的实证色彩,但不是一篇普通的实证经济学或政治学论文,而是一篇闪耀着马克思主义和科学社会主义光辉的杰出文献。它辩证分析了沙皇政府、俄国资产阶级、波兰资产阶级以及两国无产阶级之间的复杂关系,指出了无产阶级的革命前途,运用马克思主义理论和方法通过对局部经济体的分析揭示了帝国主义时代的部分特征。卢森堡博士论文中的诸多观点是列宁帝国主义论的先声,其所开启的资本与国家关系的分析、对资本主义的“中心—边缘”分析等对于理解当今资本主义世界仍有重要启示。卢森堡的博士论文虽然带有“初创”的印记,也有一些不足,但毕竟已是帝国主义时代马克思主义理论的有机组成部分,具有开创性的意义。

The Industrial Development of Poland,a doctoral dissertation of Luxemburg,focused on the topic of the industrial development of Poland.It was actually concerned with the capitalism development problems of Poland represented by industrial development,as well as the relationship between the Polish capitalist economy and its subordinate Russian capitalist economy,and then answered the question of the future development of the two.Although it had a strong empirical color,it was not an ordinary dissertation on empirical economics or politics,but an outstanding literature shining with the brilliance of Marxism and scientific socialism.It dialectically analyzed the complex relationship between the tsar government,the Russian bourgeoisie,the Polish bourgeoisie,and the proletariat of the two countries,pointed out the revolution future of the proletariat,and used the analysis of Marxist theories and methods on local economies to reveal some characteristics of the age of imperialism.Many views in Luxemburg's doctoral dissertation were forerunners of Lenin's theory of imperialism.The analysis of the relationship between capital and the state and the"center-periphery"analysis of capitalism opened by the dissertation still have important implications for understanding the capitalist world today.Although Luxemburg's doctoral dissertation bore the imprint of an"initial creation"and had some shortcomings,it was,after all,an organic part of Marxist theory in the imperialist era and had pioneering significance.