论人工智能侵权中责任主体的认定与责任规制路径

Research on the Identification of Liability Subjects and Liability Regulation in Artificial Intelligence(AI)Infringement

在“人工智能”成为社会热门话题的当下,与人工智能有关的各类侵权案件也层出不穷,而法律的滞后性也带来了与侵权相关的主体认定及责任承担的问题。对此,根据人工智能的功能和层级,可以划分为工具型人工智能和认知型人工智能,由此进一步将涉及人工智能侵权的案件分为一般性侵权案件与特殊性侵权案件。就工具型人工智能参与的一般性侵权案件而言,应当在适用产品责任的基础上,将设计者纳入《中华人民共和国民法典》第一千二百零二条的责任主体范围,对设计者责任与制造者责任进行一定程度的区分。就认知型人工智能参与的特殊性侵权案件而言,首先应对人工智能的主体地位进行否认,其次应突破产品责任中的无过错原则,将过错推定应用于特殊性侵权案件中,同时应构建包含人工智能开发企业的社会责任、生产者责任、设计者责任、销售者责任、监管者责任在内的侵权责任体系,以此为被侵权人提供更多救济的可能,确保法律利益的平衡。

While AI has become a hot topic in society,various relevant infringement cases have emerged,and the lag of the law has resulted in the difficulty in identifying the subject and assuming the responsibility.In general,AI can be divided into instrumental or cognitive AI according to its functions and levels.Therefore,AI-related cases are further divided into general cases and special cases.As far as general infringement cases involving instrumental AI are concerned,the designer should be included in the scope of liability of Article 1202 of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China on the basis of applying product liability,and the design liability should be distinguished from the manufacturer liability.In terms of special infringement cases involving cognitive AI,firstly,the subject status of AI should be denied,and secondly,the presumption of fault should be applied,At the same time,an infringement liability system covering responsibilities of the society,producer,designer,seller and supervisor of AI companies should be established,so as to provide relief for the infringed and ensure the balance of legal interests.