人类发展水平不平等测度与收敛性特征——基于购买力平价法和汇率法的比较

Inequality Measurement and Convergence Characteristics of Human Development Leve——A Comparison Between Purchasing Power Parity and Exchange Rate

文章基于2017年轮ICP数据,分别使用购买力平价法和汇率法计算1990—2019年的人类发展指数(HDI),并对人类发展指数进行不平等测度和收敛性分析。研究结果表明:(1)大多数经济体基于汇率的HDI低于基于PPP的HDI,且两类HDI的偏差程度与人类发展指数之间呈显著的负相关关系,间接证明了在人类发展指数中同样存在类似的宾大效应。(2)使用汇率法测度全球HDI不平等会将其夸大,尤其会高估高人类发展水平经济体和低人类发展水平经济体之间的差异,而使用PPP数据进行不平等测度,得到的结果更可靠。(3)全球人类发展水平之间不存在α收敛,全样本、中等和低人类发展水平经济体都存在显著的绝对β收敛和条件β收敛,一般政府最终消费支出占GDP的比重会降低收敛速度,居民和非营利机构的最终消费支出和固定资本形成总额占GDP的比重对收敛速度具有提升作用。

Based on the data of 2017 ICP,this paper uses purchasing power parity(PPP)method and exchange rate method respectively to calculate the Human Development Index(HDI)from 1990 to 2019,and also makes an analysis on the inequality measure and convergence of HDI.The results go as below:(1)The HDI based on exchange rate in most economies is lower than the PPP-based HDI in most economies,and there is a significant negative correlation between the deviation of the two types of HDI and the HDI,which indirectly proves that there is a similar Penn effect in the HDI.(2)Inequality could be overstated when the exchange rate method is used to measure global HDI,and in particular,the differences between economies with high human development level and those with low human development level could be.And PPP data used to measure inequality,the results obtained are more reliable.(3)There is noαconvergence among global human development levels,but there is significant absoluteβconvergence and conditionalβconvergence in the full sample,medium and low human development level economies.The proportion of general government final consumption expenditure in GDP will reduce the convergence speed,while the proportion of residents’and non-profit institutions’final consumption expenditure and gross fixed capital formation in GDP will improve the convergence speed.