明清以降云南传统乡规民约的历史演进及其逻辑(1368—1949)

The Historical Evolution and Logic of Traditional Village Rules in Yunnan Region Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties(1368—1949)

作为一种有效的乡村治理工具,传统乡规民约主要孕育于汉文化之中,发挥着教化乡民、稳定乡村秩序、管理乡村公共事务以及弥补国家法律不足等作用。多民族地区的传统乡规民约则体现了汉文化与民族文化交往交流交融的特点,彰显了“蒸蒸化洽,淳朴易治”的治理功效,形塑了“多元一体”的文化格局。文章通过对明清以降云南149份传统乡规民约文本内容量化分析发现,其发展经历了“传入初创期—推广爆发期—稳定发展期”三个阶段,呈现出逐渐增多的时间分布、从腹地向周边辐射的空间分布以及主题趋向广泛、类型日渐多样的演进特征;在国家的强力介入、乡绅的主动邀约以及民族交融等因素的共同作用下,云南乡规民约发生着强制性与诱致性的双重互动变迁。在当代少数民族乡规民约建设之中,应充分吸纳传统乡规民约中的治理智慧,渗入现代法治精神,推进乡村治理现代化;要增强乡规民约的民族特色与文化适应性,铸牢中华民族共同体意识。

As an effective rural governance tool, the traditional village rules were mainly bred in the Han culture, playing the role of civilizing the villagers, stabilizing the rural order, managing rural public affairs and making up for the lack of national laws. The traditional village ruled in multi-ethnic areas reflect the characteristics of communication and integration between Han culture and ethnic culture, highlighting the governance effect and shaping the cultural pattern of "pluralistic integration". This article through the quantitative analysis for 149 copies of the traditional village rules text in Yunnan since Ming and Qing dynasties, found that its development has experienced the "initial-boom-development" three historical stages,and showed a few evolution characteristics. It is found that the traditional village rules in Yunnan have undergone compulsory and inducing changes under the joint action of the strong intervention of the state, the active invitation of the gentry and the national integration. About the construction of village rules in contemporary ethnic minority areas, we should fully absorb the governance wisdom of traditional village rules, infiltrate the spirit of modern rule of law, and promote the modernization of rural governance. We should enhance the ethnic characteristics and cultural adaptability of the village rules, and strengthen the consciousness of the Chinese national community.