Recent advances in nanostructured heterogeneous catalysts for N-cycle electrocatalysis

To restore the natural nitrogen cycle(N-cycle),artificial N-cycle electrocatalysis with flexibility,sustainability,and compatibility can convert intermittent renewable energy(e.g.,wind)to harmful or value-added chemicals with minimal carbon emissions.The background of such N-cycles,such as nitrogen fixation,ammonia oxidation,and nitrate reduction,is briefly introduced here.The discussion of emerging nanostructures in various conversion reactions is focused on the architecture/compositional design,electrochemical performances,reaction mechanisms,and instructive tests.Energy device advancements for achieving more functions as well as in situ/operando characterizations toward understanding key steps are also highlighted.Furthermore,some recently proposed reactions as well as less discussed C-N coupling reactions are also summarized.We classify inorganic nitrogen sources that convert to each other under an applied voltage into three types,namely,abundant nitrogen,toxic nitrate(nitrite),and nitrogen oxides,and useful compounds such as ammonia,hydrazine,and hydroxylamine,with the goal of providing more critical insights into strategies to facilitate the development of our circular nitrogen economy.