论西方现代政治哲学的“心学”翻转

On the Reversed Roles of the Mind in Modern Political Philosophy

西方现代政治哲学中的个体思想有它自己的“心”路历程。从路德到康德之间,西方现代政治哲学的“心学”经过了霍布斯的翻转与斯宾诺莎的再翻转。在路德那里,内心为里事工为表。霍布斯放弃了路德的唯灵论,区分了内在信仰和外在崇拜,并从政治上强调了外在认信。斯宾诺莎继承并再度翻转霍布斯的内外结构,明确了内心自由是一项不可穿透的私权,塑造了现代政治哲学关于个体自由的基本特征。路德、霍布斯和斯宾诺莎对内心外行之分的不同解释,表现了“心”的不同地位与意义,展现了现代个体思想的发展过程。这对于理解现代政治哲学的基本脉络具有特别的意义。

Mind plays a special role in understanding the concept of the individual in modern political philosophy.From Luther to Kant,mind or internal belief in relation to body or external works transfers itself first in Hobbes and then in Spinoza.For Luther,inner belief is essential while external works are complementary.Hobbes bids farewell to Luther?s spiritualism and makes a distinction between private belief and public confession with an emphasis on the latter.Spinoza reverses Hobbes?s emphasis and singles out inner liberty as an indispensable right of the individual,hence forming fundamental features of the concept of liberty in modern political philosophy.The three explanations,offered respectively by Luther,Hobbes and Spinoza,of the relation between inner liberty and external behavior express different roles of the internal mind.An analysis of these differences helps us better understand the concept of the individual in modern political philosophy.