从语言接触的视角解释汉语方言介连词“两个”的语法化

The Grammaticalization of Liangge(两个)in Chinese Dialects-A Language Contact Perspective

储泽祥等(2006)、江蓝生(2012)、贝罗贝(Peyraube 2017)注意到湖南通津铺、湖北仙桃和甘肃青海交界的汉语方言的数量词“两个”可以兼做伴随介词和并列连词。陈储荣(2020)从跨方言的角度分析“两个”功能分布的差异,构拟出“两个”的语法化路径:[数量词>副词>伴随介词>并列连词]。前人都认为:非洲、澳洲、印度尼西亚等与汉语无接触或系属关系的语言也有数量词“两(个)”与介连词同形的现象,可见两者的关联具有跨语言共性,与人类认知有关。但是并未解释为何数量词“两个”的虚化只出现在少数汉语方言中,亦未找到“两”衍生出介连间功能的杂件。本文从汉语内部“两个”的多功能现象出发,结合跨语言的数据,提出以下论点:1.我们发现在西南地区中能用“两个”做介连词的地方,正是汉化土家人聚居之处(包括储泽祥等[2006]集中报道的湖南慈利)。面语序为SOV的土家语正好也有数词“两”和介连词同形的现象,可见当地汉语方言的“两个”能做介连词,与土家语不无关联。2.汉语西南、西北地区的“两个”之所以能虚化成介连词,是由于当地汉语和非汉语高度接触所致的。具体而,是少数民族学习汉语时,通过转用干扰把非汉语的语法成分带进汉语。西北地区受蒙古语族影响,而西南地区则是受土家语影响。3.汉语“两个”衍生出介连词的功能,并非单纯由语言接触导致,而是内部演变与外部接触合力使然。充当同位语的“两个”在汉语内部发展出副词的功能,其后通过语言接触,进一步虚化为伴随介词。一些方言的介词还可以进一步虚化为并列连词。

It is reported that the[number+classifer]combination liangge(两个)“two”can be used as comitative prepositions and coordinating conjunctions in the Chinese dialects spoken in Tongjinpu(Chu et al 2006),Xiantao(Jiang 2012),and Gansu-Qinghai(Peyraube 2017).Furthermore,the cross-dialectal investigation conducted by Chan(2020)suggests four stages in the grammaticalzation process of liangge:“two”>“together”>comitative preposition>coordinating conjunction.On one hand,the syncretism between“two"and coordinating conjunction is cognitively motivated and thus observable among multiple languages with no direct geographical or phylogenetical relationship(Heine&Kuteva 2012[2002]).On the other hand,it is not yet clearly understood why the polysemous liangge is only attested in Hunan-Hubei and Gansu-Qinghai dialects.This paper presents the following arguments.(i)The polysemy of[“two”=conjunction]is found in Hunan-Hubei dialects and their Tibeto-Burman neighbor,Tujia.(ii)The grammaticalization of liangge in Gansu-Qinghai and Hunan-Hubei dialects is ttributed to language contact.More specifically,the polysemous pattern of“two”can be borrowed to the local Chinese dialects through shift-induced interference.In the Gansu-Qinghai region,the local varieties of Chinese are influenced by Mongolian languages,while in the Hunan-Hubei region,the grammaticalization of liangge is triggered by the prolonged contact between Chinese dialects and Tujia.(ii)The grammaticalization of liangge in Chinese dialcts is both internally and externally motivated.The internal factor is that liangge in many Chinese dialects are denumeralized and acquire the adverbial function of"together"whereas the external factor is the language contact with neighboring non-Chinese SOV languages.