李卓吾的女性观与明代社会——以“出世丈夫”为线索

Li Zhi’s View of Women and Ming Dynasty Society:Taking “Out-of-this-world Husband” as a Clue

在近代学术研究中,李卓吾因其思想“离经叛道”而受到广泛关注,并形成了迄今仍然占主流的李卓吾解读研究的“解放史”观路径。细致地考察其女性观,可以对上述主流观点提出质疑与批判。李卓吾大加称颂学佛女性为“出世丈夫”,他心目中的“大丈夫”形象,依然是传统社会所设想的“理想男性气质=自立、志向远大”,他又将“无法自立”“优柔寡断”等负面特质赋予“妇人女子”,这虽然超越了单纯以生理性别划分高下的看法,但并未改变他对“男性气质”的推崇。李卓吾所描绘的孔子形象显示,其“出世”概念指人要学道就当出游四方以求道友,然而在当时条件下能够出游的只可能是衣食无忧的士大夫男性而已。李卓吾并未意识到,自己的主张看似超脱流俗,但其实与传统社会分工“男主外,女主内”的理想图式不谋而合。

In recent academic studies, Li Zhi has received much attention because of his “deviant” thinking. This paper questions and critiques Li Zhi’s research path and the “liberation history” view that still dominates the academic mainstream in the light of his view of women. Li Zhi praises Buddhist women as “out-of-this-world husband”, and his image of “great husbands” is still the “ideal masculinity/independence of personality” envisioned by traditional society. He also assigns negative traits such as “inability to stand on one’s own feet” and “indecisiveness” to “women”, which transcends the view of purely biological gender. This transcends the view that the superiority and inferiority of a woman are solely based on her biological sex, but it does not change his affirmation of “masculinity”. Second, by examining the image of Confucius portrayed by Li Zhi, it is clear that his concept of “going out of the world” means that to learn the Way, one should travel to the four corners of the world in search of friends, but under the conditions of the time, those who could travel were probably only men of the scholarly class who were well fed and clothed. Li Zhi did not realize that his idea seemed to be out of the world, but in fact it coincided with the ideal of social division of labor(The spheres of activity for men and women are the wide world outside the home and the closed space inside the home, respectively).