单分子生物检测方法及应用研究进展

Research progress of single molecule biological detection methods and applications

单分子生物检测技术是通过了解单分子层面上各生物分子间的动态特性,以发掘生物分子的结构与功能的高效技术。该技术的优势在于能够在单个分子上探测自由能的异质性,这是传统方法无法实现的。利用这一性能,研究人员可以解决复杂生物系统、多相催化、生物分子相互作用、酶系统和构象变化等长期存在的问题。在医疗检测方面,检测单个分子的具体信息或它们与生物因子的相互作用,不仅对癌症等各种疾病的早期诊断和治疗至关重要,而且在实时检测和精准医疗方面具有巨大的潜力。利用单分子生物检测高特异性和高精度的优势,实现对分子群中单个生物分子的实时检测,且可与阵列高通量分析相结合对临床样本进行精确诊断。本文简要介绍了单分子检测原理及其在生物传感方面的应用,在此基础上,重点概述了检测方法及相关应用,最后探讨了该研究方向的前景与发展方向。

Single molecule biological detection technology is an efficient technology to understand the dynamic characteristics of various biomolecules at the single molecule level and explore their structure and function.The advantage of this technology is that it can detect the heterogeneity of free energy on a single molecule,which is beyond the traditional methods.Therefore,researchers use it to solve long-standing problems in complex biological systems,heterogeneous catalysis,biomolecular interactions,enzyme systems and conformational changes.In terms of medical detection,detecting specific information about single molecules or their interactions with biological factors is not only crucial for the early diagnosis and treatment of various diseases such as cancer,but also has great potential for real-time detection and precision medicine.The advantages of high specificity and high precision of single-molecule bioassays are used to real-time detection of single biomolecules in molecular populations,and can be combined with multiple high-throughput analysis for the precise diagnosis of clinical samples.In this paper,the principle of single molecule detection and the application of biosensing are introduced,and the detection methods and related applications are summarized.Finally,the prospect and development direction of this research direction are discussed.