不同基肥措施对甜瓜产量和土壤性质、细菌多样性的影响

Effects of different basal fertilizer measures on muskmelon yield,soil properties and bacterial diversity

设施甜瓜种植作为河北省特色农业,广泛存在连续种植、化肥农药过量施用,造成土壤性质恶化、微生态菌群失衡等问题,设置了施用腐熟羊粪、土壤调理剂和生物有机肥的措施,研究不同基肥措施对土壤理化性质、细菌多样性及甜瓜产量的影响。结果表明,羊粪、土壤调理剂和生物有机肥平均提高0~20 cm土层土壤pH和可培养微生物总数1.94%和9.10%,降低土壤容重、水溶性盐总量和真菌数量6.25%、24.68%和6.80%。与生物有机肥(T1)相比,腐熟羊粪(T2)、生物有机肥+土壤调理剂(T3)、腐熟羊粪+土壤调理剂(T4)处理增加了变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)等的丰度,降低了绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)等的丰度,T3、T4明显增加了土壤细菌丰度;T4显著提高耕层土壤有效磷、速效钾、微生物数、细菌数和细菌/真菌29.07%、57.65%、20.82%、21.07%和11.93%,降低了土壤容重6.68%,增产2.87%。综合比较,腐熟羊粪+调理剂既能显著改良土壤微生态环境,又能增产提质,可以在河北省设施甜瓜栽培中推荐应用。

As a characteristic agriculture of Hebei province,facility melon cultivation has widespread problems such as continuous planting and excessive application of fertilizers and pesticides,which can cause the deterioration of soil properties and the imbalance of micro-ecological flora.Three basal fertilizers were adopted,including decomposed sheep manure,soil conditioners and bio-organic fertilizers.The effects of different base fertilizer measures on soil physical and chemical properties,bacterial diversity and melon yield were studied.The results showed that sheep manure,soil conditioner and bio-organic fertilizer increased the pH of 0~20 cm soil layer and the total number of cultivable microorganisms by 1.94%and 9.10%on average,and decreased soil bulk density,total water-soluble salt and fungi count by 6.25%,24.68%and 6.80%,respectively.Compared with bio-organic fertilizer(T1),decomposed sheep manure(T2),bio-organic fertilizer+soil conditioner(T3)and decomposed sheep manure+soil conditioner(T4)treatments increased the abundance of Proteobacteria,Acidobacteria,Nitrospirae,etc.,and decreased the abundance of Chloroflexi,Bacteroidetes,etc.,T3 and T4 significantly increased the abundance of soil bacteria.Compared with T1,T4 significantly increased the available phosphorus,available potassium,microbial count,bacteria count,and bacteria/fungus of the cultivated layer by 29.07%,57.65%,20.82%,21.07%and 11.93%,respectively,reduced soil bulk density by 6.68%,and increased yield by 2.87%.By comprehensive comparison,decomposed sheep manure+conditioner can not only significantly improve the soil micro-ecological environment,but also increase yield and quality,and can be recommended for application in facility muskmelon cultivation in Hebei province.