Nationalist Thoughts and Islam in the Late Ottoman Empire

Early modernization reform from the 19th century to the early 20th century led to the secularization of the Ottoman Empire in respect to politics,law,and education.Competition between contradicting secular and Islamic thoughts has occurred since then,and it has produced the divisions of pan-Islamism,Modernism,and Turkism in the ideological field of the Ottoman Empire.Such phenomenon is the manifestation of political and ideological chaos of the late Ottoman Empire,which has intertwined with the contradiction of tradition and modernity,between the Orient and the West,presenting the developing trends of diversification,complexity,and variability.Intensified ideological struggle occurred in the late Ottoman Empire previous to its collapse.Social and political reforms began to transform the country from a traditional empire to modern nation-state.Due to the relationship between trends of political thoughts and Islam,nationalism could not get rid of the impact of Islam in the late Ottoman Empire.Islam has not only perpetuated pan-Ottomanism and pan-Turkism in the form of pan-Islamism,it has also exerted a wide range of effects as a relative individual trend of political and social thoughts.