德日“法益说”适应中国的“四维”改良

The "Four-dimensional" Being-Adapted-to-China Improvement of German–Japanese "Doctrine of Legal Interest"

德日的法益说以违法一元论为主流,不区分刑法法益与民法法益、行政法法益;德日国家“刑法保护的法益”与民法法益、行政法法益三者没有实质区别,因而是并列关系。而我国《刑法》第13条“但书”的存在表明我国的犯罪与一般违法严格区分,刑法位于法律体系的第二道防线,保障由民法、行政法调整所形成的法律秩序,刑法法益与民法法益、行政法法益之间是梯次关系。所以,移植德日的法益说需要实现从并列关系到中国“刑法法益与民法法益、行政法法益之递进关系”的转变。我国对德日法益说需要进行“四维”改良:保证刑法法益根源于宪法的精神和基本原则;将被犯罪侵害的法益纳入国家整体法律秩序以实现“刑法法益”性质的转变;给刑法法益加入量的限定,即对刑法法益在质的基础上进行量的考察;为适应处罚预备犯和抽象危险犯,还需把刑法法益的内涵在“实害+具体危险”的基础上继续拓展到“抽象危险性”。

The German-Japanese doctrine of legal interest takes the monism of illegality as the mainstream, and does not distinguish legal interest of criminal law from that of civil law and that of administrative law. In Germany and Japan, there is no substantial difference among the "legal interest protected by criminal law" and the legal interest of civil law and that of administrative law, so they are juxtaposed. However, the existence of "proviso" in the Article 13 in the Criminal Law of China shows that crimes in China are strictly distinguished from violations. Criminal law is located in the secondary defense line of the legal system, which guarantees the legal order formed through regulation of the civil law and administrative law, and the relationship between the legal interest of criminal lawandthat of civil law or that of administrative law is echeloning. Therefore, the transplantation of the German-Japanese doctrine of legal interestneeds to achieve a leap from the juxtaposition relationship to the "progressive relationship between the legal interest of criminal law and that of civil law or that of administrative law" in China. To sum up, it is necessary to make "four-dimensional" improvement: to ensure that the legal interests of criminal law are rooted in the spirit and basic principles of the Constitution;to incorporate the legal interest infringed upon by a crime into the overall legal order of the state to realize the change of the nature of "legal interest of criminal law";to impose quantitative limitation on the legal interest of criminal law, for which not only is the necessary quantitative amount required but also the measurement of quantitative amount should be conducted;to continue to expand the connotation of the legal interest of criminal law from "actual harm+concrete danger" to "abstract dangerousness" in order to properly punish the preparatory offenses and offenses with abstract dangerousness.