新型能源安全问题与日本的政策因应

New Energy Security Issues and Japan’s Policy Responses

能源安全问题随着“柴薪时代—煤炭时代—石油时代—新能源时代”的路径演进,其内涵也在不断发生变化。在“高碳—低碳—脱碳”的演进过程中,衍生出“经济成本上升”“供电不足”“稀有金属短缺”等风险;在全球疫情中,导致出现“能源价格振荡”“供应链断裂”等风险;能源系统的数字化与智能化,带来“极易遭受网络攻击”“能源系统脆弱性”等风险。对此,日本在国内层面,以“科技创新路径”“重启核能路径”和“变革需求侧路径”为主体,通过“设定节点目标”“规划发展路线图”“确定重点项目”等方式,积极构建以增强“能源韧性”为核心的政策因应体系。在国际层面,日本为进一步强化海外能源稳定供应,积极构建“综合性资源外交”,即以“官主民从”为特点的推进体制、以“开拓多元化进口源”为中心的能源网络、以“多样化手段”为杠杆的工具策略。然而,日本在应对新能源安全风险中,从国内外两个层面进行的政策因应,多是“问题驱动”型政策设计,因而其政策取向在“能源安全与环境保护”之间经常呈现“钟摆效应”。

With the evolution of“firewood era-coal era-oil era-new energy era”,the meaning of energy security is constantly changing.In the evolution process of“high carbon,low carbon and decarbonization”,risks such as rising economic cost,insufficient power supply and shortage of rare metals arise.In the global pandemic,there are risks such as energy price oscillation and supply chain disruption.The digitalization and intellectualization of energy systems bring risks such as highly vulnerable to network attacks and energy system vulnerability.In this regard,at the domestic level,Japan has actively constructed a policy response system centering on enhancing energy resilience through setting goals,planning development road-map and developing key projects,with technological innovation,restarting nuclear energy and reforming demand side as the major ways of policy.At the international level,in order to further strengthen the stable supply of overseas energy,Japan has actively constructed the“comprehensive resource diplomacy”,namely,the promotion system featuring the government,the government and the people,the energy network centered on exploring diversified import sources,and the tool strategy of diversification means as the leverage.