比较优势还是绝对优势

Comparative Advantage or Absolute Advantage

根据学术界的普遍共识,李嘉图的国际贸易理论是其创造的比较优势理论。李嘉图基于实物贸易模型,运用比较成本分析提出的比较优势原理证明,比较优势而不是绝对优势才是国际分工和国际贸易的基础,从而否定了斯密的绝对优势理论。但是,对李嘉图国际贸易理论的完整考察表明,李嘉图基于比较成本分析确定的比较优势,正是实物贸易中部门内跨国竞争的绝对优势。不仅如此,李嘉图还建立了与其实物贸易相适应的货币模型。这一被学术界特别是主流的即新古典比较优势理论普遍忽视的货币模型所遵循的正是绝对优势原理。尤其是,李嘉图强调外生技术进步对改变优势地位的决定性作用。这使李嘉图的国际贸易理论具有动态性和政策意义,为经济落后国家采取赶超战略提供了某种依据。以李嘉图实物贸易模型为基础发展起来的新古典比较优势理论,将李嘉图比较成本分析看作李嘉图国际贸易理论的全部内容,而完全忽视了李嘉图的货币模型。但是,分析同样表明,新古典比较优势理论实际证明的仍然是绝对优势。与李嘉图不同,主流的比较优势理论否定任何违背比较优势的外生技术进步的作用,从而与李嘉图的国际贸易理论形成了明显区别。

According to the general consensus in the academic community,David Ricardo's international trade theory,is a theory of comparative advantage,As proven by the comparative advantage principle proposed by Ricardo using comparative cost analysis based on the physical trade model,comparative advantage rather than absolute advantage is the basis of international division of labor and international trade,thus denying Smith's theory of absolute advantage.However,a complete examination of Ricardo's international trade theory shows that the comparative advantage determined by Ricardo based on comparative cost analysis is the absolute advantage of intra-sectoral transnational competition in physical trade,Moreover,Ricardo also established a monetary model compatible with his physical trade.This monetary model,which has been generally ignored by the academic community,especially the mainstream neoclassical comparative adyantage theory,follows the principle of absolute advantage.'in particular,Ricardo emphasized the decisive role of exogenous technological progress in changing advantageous position.This has brought dynamic and policy significance to Ricardo's international trade theory,and provided_a certain basis for economically backwacrdountries to adopt a catch-up strategy.The neoclassical comparative advantage theory,developed on the basis of Ricardo's physical trade model has regarded Ricardo's comparative cost analysis as the entire content of Ricardo's international trade theory,and completely ignored Ricardo's currency model.However,the analysis also shows that what the neoclassical theory of_comparative advantage actually proves is still absolute advantage.Unlike Ricardo's theory,the mainstream theory of comparative advantage denies the role of any exogenous technological progress that is contrary to comparative advantage,thus forming a clear difference from Ricardo's international trade theory.