中国高考建制70年:论高考志愿政策的变迁、困境与反思

China’s College Entrance Examination System with a 70-year History:The Changes,Dilemmas and Implications of the Policies for the Candidate’s Application for a Given University

高考上连高等教育,下引基础教育,其中的高考志愿起到了“适配器”的作用。1952年高考建立,距今已整整70年。70年来,高考志愿政策不断向上向好,发生了志愿填报时段、志愿录取梯度两个维度的系列变迁。“新高考”推行至今,在“考后知分填报志愿”配合“专业+院校平行志愿”或“院校+专业组志愿”两大高考志愿政策下,高考志愿政策指向的核心——考生,特别是弱势考生面临着诸多困境:信息扩充与认知通道缺少、程序复杂与家庭支持缺失、志愿繁多与生涯规划缺位。缘此,一方面应从70年高考志愿政策变迁中,进一步明晰和反思其价值取向,推动高考志愿政策系统化改革;另一方面更应聚焦考生,加大对其公共服务的供给、健全高中阶段生涯规划教育,以此来帮助考生突围困境,维护高考公平。

The college entrance examination of China connects higher education with basic education,and the candidate’s application for a given university after the college entrance examination plays the role of“adapter”.It has been 70 years since the college entrance examination of China went into effect in 1952.Over the past 70 years,the policies for the candidate’s application for a given university after the college entrance examination have undergone a series of changes in the two dimensions of the time-span for the candidate’s filling in the application form and admission rules.Since the implementation of the“new college entrance examination”,under the two current college entrance examination policies of“knowing the score and filling in the application form after the examination”combined with“major+parallel college applications”or“college+applications for the same major in different universities”,candidates and especially the vulnerable group,who are the targeted core of the application policies of the college entrance examination,are facing many difficulties:a lack of information expansion and cognitive channels,complex procedures,poor family support,numerous application choices and vague career planning.Thus,on the one hand,we should further clarify and reflect on the value orientations from the changes of the application policies for the candidates in the past 70 years,and promote the comprehensive reform:on the other hand,we should focus on the candidates,provide more public services and improve their career planning in high-school education so as to help the candidates break through the difficulties and promote the fairness of the college entrance examination of China.