岩土工程标准化的历史性变革

Historic change of standardization of geotechnical engineering

新《标准化法》的发布,工程勘察和地基基础两本通用规范的实施,象征着我国岩土工程界的标准化体制发生了历史性大变革。很多岩土工程师缺乏思想准备,因而有必要对标准化体制的改革做些介绍。全文分8节。第1节“工程标准化历程”,从标准化的沿革说明改革是历史发展的必然。第2节“两种标准化体制”,讲述改革前的标准化体制适用于计划经济,现在已经不适应;改革后的标准化体制适用于市场经济,有助于提高市场竞争力,促进新技术进步。第3节“可标准化和不可标准化”,从岩土工程专业特点出发,认为大量重复性的技术规则可以标准化,需由岩土工程师根据具体情况综合决策的技术工作不能标准化。第4节“国际视野”,强调要熟悉国际标准,与国际标准融合,并介绍了主要国家的标准化情况。第5节“政府主导,旨在保基本”,讲述强制性国家标准、推荐性国家标准、行业标准和地方标准。第6节“市场主导,旨在提高竞争力”,讲述团体标准和企业标准,重点讲团体标准的特点和市场运作。第7节“大变革带来的新问题”,指出主要问题一是市场不健全,二是对规范的过分依赖。第8节“全行业参与,平稳过渡”,强调这次标准化改革涉及每个工程、每一位岩土工程技术人员,必须全行业参与,平稳过渡。

The promulgation of the new Standardization Law and the implementation of the two general codes for engineering investigation and foundation symbolizes that the standardization system in geotechnical industry in China had undergone a historic great change.Many geotechnical engineers lack ideological preparation,so it is necessary to introduce the reform of standardization system.The full paper consists of 8 sections.The first section,Engineering standardization process,explains that reform is the necessity of historical development from the evolution of standardization.Section 2,Two standardization systems,presents that the standardization system before the reform was suitable for the planned economy,but now it is no longer suitable;the reformed standardization system is suitable for the market economy,which helps to improve market competitiveness and promote new technological progress.Section 3,Standardization and non-standardization,considers that a large number of repetitive technical rules can be standardized from the perspective of the characteristics of geotechnical engineering,while the technical work that requires comprehensive decision by geotechnical engineers according to the specific situation cannot be standardized.Section 4,International perspective,emphasizes to be familiar with international standards,integration with international standards,and introduces the standardization situation of major countries.Section 5,Government-led,ensuring basic requirements,covers mandatory national standards,recommended national standards,industry standards and local standards.Section 6,Market dominance,aimed at enhancing competitiveness,deals with group standards and enterprise standards,focusing on the characteristics of group standards and market operations.Section 7,New problems brought about by the great change,points out that the main problems are the imperfect market and the over-reliance on norms.Section 8,Whole industry participation and smooth transition,emphasizes that the standardization reform involves every project and every geotechnical engineer technician,and the whole industry must participate in and smooth transition.