Gut dysbiosis of bacteria and fungi associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection

To the Editor:There have been growing concerns about the gut bacterial dysbiosis associated with HIV infection,addressing a critical role of gut bacteria in persistent chronic inflammation and severe intestinal dysfunction among the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)infected population.However,little is known about the gut fungal dysbiosis caused by HIV-infection.Therefore,we launched a case-control study aiming to explore the gut dysbiosis of bacteria and fungi in HIV infection,which may reveal a more comprehensive feature of HIV infection-related gut dysbiosis of bacteria and fungi that possibly play a role in the chronic systemic immune activation observed in HIV infection.