社会化大生产中的劳动性质辨识——提高劳动有效性的两类劳动

Identifying the Nature of Labor in Socialized Mass Production:Two Kinds of Labor That Improve the Effectiveness of Labor

有效劳动价值说指出,单位时间内劳动创造出的价值量大小并不简单地取决于劳动投入或劳动耗费,而是与劳动的有效性密切相关。在现代社会化大生产中,劳动有效性越来越依赖于团队协作,取决于社会组织的复杂性。由此,就可以对社会劳动的性质给出一个总的判别原则:凡是直接生产性的劳动支出,以及有助于提高直接生产性劳动有效性的劳动支出都属于创造价值的生产性劳动。基于这一判别原则,就可以对社会化大生产中各类社会劳动的性质进行辨识和界定。主要可以沿着两大维度进行考察:一是从时间维度看,主要涉及推动历时性迂回生产的各种间接生产劳动;二是从空间维度看,主要涉及加强共时性协作生产的各类物化劳动。显然,这些间接生产劳动和物化劳动都促进了劳动分工的深化和拓展,都促进了劳动有效性的提高,从而也就成为价值创造的必要来源。当然,这里的界分仅仅是对这些社会劳动的性质给出方向性判断,而在实际生产中是否创造价值,以及创造多少价值则需要做更为深化的具体解析。

The effective labor theory of value believes that the amount of value created in certain time is closely related to the effectiveness of labor instead of simply depending on labor input or labor expenditure.Furthermore,the effectiveness of labor increasingly depends on teamwork,as well as the complexity of social organization.Therefore,the effective labor theory of value gives a general principle to judge the nature of social labor.Specifically,if labor expenditure belongs to direct material production labor or can improve the effectiveness of direct productive labor,it belongs to productive labor that creates value;and if labor expenditure only promotes the distribution and transfer of the value that has been created,it belongs to unproductive labor that cannot create value.Based on this differentiation principle,this paper focuses on how all kinds of social labor in socialized mass production affect the effectiveness of direct productive labor,so as to identify and define their nature.In general,in the face of complex and diverse social labor,we can make a systematic investigation from two dimensions.One is to investigate various indirect productive labor from the time dimension,such as technology creation,knowledge teaching,organization management and commercial transportation.They are all part of diachronic circuitous production,and significantly increase the effectiveness of direct production labor.The other is to examine all kinds of materialized labor from the spatial dimension,such as material capital,land capital,technical capital,knowledge capital,social capital and institutional capital.They are all part of synchronic cooperative production,and greatly increase the effectiveness of human living labor.Therefore,the effective labor theory of value clearly shows that the productive labor that plays a necessary role in value creation is not limited to the living labor engaged in direct material production.Instead,it includes all kinds of social labor engaged in indirect production and all kinds of materialized labor involved in the production process.Finally,it is a specific and fine work to judge the nature of social labor and to measure the value,far from being divided by an abstract concept.In this regard,the analysis of the production nature of indirect productive labor and materialized labor,which play an important role in social production,only gives a directional judgment.However,it is necessary to further analyze whether to create value or not and how much value to create in actual production.It can be said that it is a worldwide challenge to determine the value of each labor accurately.