含天然放射性物质的固体废物管理

Management of Solid Wastes Containing Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials

一些矿产资源的开发利用活动可能会使某些材料或区域的天然放射性水平升高,甚至达到需要进行放射性监管的程度。在我国进行放射性监管的矿产(除铀、钍矿之外)包括4大类:稀土、锆及氧化锆等金属、磷酸盐和煤。总体而言,这些矿产资源开发利用过程中产生的含天然放射性物质的固体废物量较大,放射性水平较低,但仍然存在某种放射性核素在固体废物中浓集的现象;当达到监管规定的放射性水平时,则需要开展放射性影响评价,并须在废物处理、处置或再利用过程中满足相关安全要求。IAEA列出了值得关注的含天然放射性物质的废物类型、放射性水平和处置方式,并提出了总体管理策略。我国通过开展全国污染源普查和基地调查等工作,掌握了含天然放射性物质的废物中的放射性水平,但由于涉及行业众多、工艺繁杂等原因,当前法规标准体系、总体策略和规划等方面尚不完备。通过分析,对我国含天然放射性物质的废物管理工作提出建议,包括进一步完善监管体系、明确管理策略、加强处置工作统筹规划和加快现存废物管理进程,以减小环境辐射风险。

The development and utilization of some mineral resources may increase the level of natural radioactivity in some materials or areas,even to the extent that radioactive supervision is required.The minerals subject to radioactive supervision in China(except uranium and thorium mines)include four categories:rare earth;zirconium,zirconia and other metals;phosphate;and coal.Generally,solid waste produced in the process of development and utilization of these minerals has a large amount and low radioactivity level,but some radionuclides are still likely concentrated in the solid waste.When the regulatory level of radioactivity is reached,radioactive impact assessment is required and relevant safety requirements must be met in the process of waste treatment,disposal or reuse.IAEA lists the types the radioactivity levels and disposal methods of residues containing naturally occuring radioactive material which deserve attention,their radioactivity levels and disposal methods,and puts forward the overall management strategy.Through the national census of pollution sources and the investigation of the nuclear sites in China,the radioactivity level in the main NORM waste has been learned.However,due to so many industries and complex processes,the current regulations and standards system,overall strategy and planning are not complete.Through analysis,some suggestions in the aspect of NORM waste management in China are put forward,including further improving the supervision system,clarifying the management strategy,strengthening the overall planning of disposal and speeding up the existing waste management process,so as to reduce the environmental radiation risk.