高黎贡山国家级自然保护区入侵性种子植物现状

Assessment of Invasive Seed Plants in Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve,Yunnan Province,China

【目的】以高黎贡山国家级自然保护区森林生态系统为目标开展陆生入侵性种子植物调查,明确入侵植物的种类和发生情况,评估其危害程度,为高黎贡山保护区有害生物防控管理提供科学依据。【方法】以高黎贡山入侵植物的主要分布区域——保山片区为样本,通过文献调研、踏查和样方调查,获取入侵植物基本信息,并采用定性法对入侵植物进行等级划分。【结果】共调查高黎贡山自然保护区及周边区域野生陆生入侵性种子植物15科31属35种,新报道12种。综合文献资料,共统计林业入侵植物21科43属56种。每个乡镇都有入侵植物发生,保护区南段东坡是入侵植物发生的热点区域,种类最多,发生频率最高。至少有5种入侵植物遍布保护区边界及周边区域,有4种已入侵到保护区界内。根据发生情况和危害程度,高黎贡山自然保护区的入侵植物可划分为4个入侵等级:1级为严重危害(1种,紫茎泽兰),其极广布、极丰盛,能形成大面积单优群落,对森林生态系统有极大危害;2级为重度危害(20种),广布,常见,种群规模和密度较大,能在局部地区形成优势群落,对森林生态系统有较大危害;3级为中度至轻度危害(24种),分布范围有限,但在局部地区也能形成优势种群,对森林生态系统有一定危害;4级为有待观察类(11种),主要是具有入侵特征的逸生栽培植物,分布范围有限,扩散趋势尚不明确。【结论】高黎贡山保护区的入侵植物种类和分布范围较以往的记录都有较大增幅,提示一些入侵植物可能已经扩散。一些栽培植物已逸为入侵植物,应引起重视。针对不同等级的入侵植物,建议制定相应防控措施,进行定期监测和普查,并及时更新入侵植物名单,科学管理保护区的有害植物。

【Objectives】We surveyed the forest ecosystem in Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve,Yunnan Province,China,to identify invasive seed plants,their distributions,and the degree of invasion within the reserve.This is essential in managing invasions and conserving biodiversity in nature reserves.【Methods】In this study,the heavily invaded Baoshan area was selected for sampling.The information on invasive plants within the nature reserve and surrounding areas was obtained through literature,on-site inspection,and plot level sampling.The degree of invasion was established using qualitative methods.【Results】A total of 35 species of invasive terrestrial seed plants belonging to 31 genera and 15 families were identified in Baoshan area,with 12 species as a new report.With a combination of previous studies,there are at least 56 species of forestry invasive plants belonging to 43 genera and 21 families within Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve and surrounding areas.Invasive plants were reported from all townships and management stations.The eastern slopes of the Southern Gaoligong Mountains,with the most species and the highest frequency of occurrence,are considered as hot spots for invasive plants.At least five invasive plant species showed a broad distribution range covering the entire boundaries of the nature reserve and surrounding areas.Four species were found in the reserve.Based on the distribution and the degree of invasion,invasive plants in Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve were classified into four levels:L1 represents the most serious invasive plant Ageratina Adenophora that is widely distributed,highly abundant,forming monoculture,and causing significant damage to forest ecosystem.L2 represents the serious invasive plants(20 species),which are widely distributed,locally highly abundant,and cause some harm to forest ecosystem.L3 represents the invasive plants(24 species)with limited distribution,occasionally forming a large population at the local level,and causing moderate to minor damage.L4 represents the introduced plants(11 species)that have escaped in the wild,demonstrate invasive characteristics,and have limited distribution.The trend in the spread of them is unclear.【Conclusions】The number and distribution range of invasive plants in Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve have increased from previous studies,indicating widespread expansion of invasive plants with new invasions.It is worth noting that some of the escaped cultivated plants have become invasive.For each level of invasive plants identified,it is essential to formulate corresponding prevention and control measures,including regular monitoring,census,and timely updates on the list of invasive plants,to scientifically manage the invasions in the nature reserve.