济南市不同行业人群PM_(2.5)暴露水平及金属元素健康风险评估

Personal PM_(2.5) exposure and the health risk assessment of metal elements in different occupational populations of Jinan

为研究济南市不同行业人群的颗粒物暴露水平以及评估通过吸入颗粒物而受到的金属元素的健康风险,本研究利用手持式气溶胶检测仪与PM_(2.5)中流量采样器,于2021年春季和夏季对济南市6类不同行业人群开展PM_(2.5)暴露水平研究,分析不同微环境(学生宿舍、工厂车间、城市街道、学校大门以及住宅客厅)PM_(2.5)金属元素的污染特征及健康风险.6类人群包括大学生、铸造厂工人、餐厅员工、公交车司机、环卫工人、学校保安.结果表明,6类人群的颗粒物暴露水平,日变化均呈现明显的行业特点,公交车司机与环卫工人的PM_(2.5)平均暴露浓度达到87.7μg·m^(−3)和79.5μg·m^(−3).PM_(2.5)浓度在某一时段均会出现瞬时峰值的现象.人群PM_(2.5)小时暴露水平总体高于当地空气质量监测站公布数据,车间工人与保安则高出1倍以上.不同微环境下PM_(2.5)中15种金属元素浓度与元素成分占比均略有不同.除Ca、Al、Mg和Fe等4类常量元素之外,Zn、Mn、Cu等元素占比相对较高.部分金属如Cd超过我国空气质量标准浓度限值.富集因子分析表明,Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni、Sn、Sb等元素主要受到人为源的影响,As、Mg、Ca、Mn元素则同时受到人为源与自然源的影响.健康风险评估表明,Cr元素的非致癌风险和致癌风险在所有元素中最高.环卫工人的非致癌风险与学生和保安群体的致癌风险需要引起足够重视.本研究为科学评估不同人群的颗粒物暴露水平及重金属健康风险具有一定的指导意义,并为科学防控颗粒物污染提供一定的理论依据.

Personal exposure to PM_(2.5) and health risk assessment of metal elements in different occupational populations were investigated in the spring and summer in Jinan by using a portable monitor and a PM_(2.5) sampler.The undergraduate student,foundryman,restaurant chefs are represented as indoor workers.Bus driver,sanitation worker and school security staff are represented as outdoor workers.We found that the exposure levels of particulate matters showed different occupational characteristics.The averaged PM_(2.5) exposure concentrations of bus drivers and sanitation workers reached 87.7μg·m^(−3) and 79.5μg·m^(−3).The PM_(2.5) concentration showed an instantaneous peak in different microenvironments.The PM_(2.5) exposure concentration is generally higher than the data released from air quality monitoring stations.The concentration and proportion of 15 elements of PM_(2.5) in different microenvironments showed slightly different characteristics.in addition to the four types of constant elements(Ca,Al,Mg and Fe),trace elements of Zn,Mn,Cu account for a relatively high proportion.The concentration of Cd exceeded the standard limits in GB 3095—2012 Ambient Air Quality Standard.The enrichment factor analysis showed that Cd,Cu,Zn,Pb,Cr,Ni,Sn and Sb of different microenvironment mainly came from natural sources.However As,Mg,Ca and Mn were affected by both anthropogenic and natural sources.The health risks assessment showed that the non-carcinogenic risk of Cr is the highest among all elements.We should pay more attention on the non-carcinogenic risk of sanitation workers and the carcinogenic risks of students and security staff.This study is helpful for scientific assessment of particulate matter exposure levels and heavy metal health risks in different occupational populations,and provides certain theoretical basis for scientific prevention and particulate matter pollution control.