探析劳动者违法解除劳动合同的法律效果——以司法裁判的实证分析为视角

Study of the Legal Effects of Illegal Termination of Labour Contracts by Employees——from the Perspective of Empirical Analysis of Judicial Decisions

我国《劳动合同法》第48条对用人单位违法解除劳动合同的法律效果有明确规定,但第90条对劳动者违法解除劳动合同的效力却未有明确规范。考察司法裁判关于劳动者违法解除劳动合同是否产生劳动合同解除的效力,可以发现辞职权在司法实践中的适用远远超过《劳动合同法》第37条和第38条的范围。考虑到劳动合同的标的具有不可强制执行性,以及劳动者劳动权与用人单位经营权的利益权衡,承认超广义辞职权存在合理性与必要性。我国立法应明确劳动者违法解除劳动合同的意思表示到达用人单位时,可产生劳动合同解除的法律效力;同时,因劳动者违法解除劳动合同给用人单位造成损失的,劳动者应当承担赔偿责任。

Article 48 of the Labour Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China clearly stipulates the legal effect of the employer’s illegal termination of the labour contract,but Article 90 does not stipulate the effect of the employee’s illegal termination of the labour contract.By studying the cases on whether employee’s illegal termination of the labour contract has the effect of the termination of the labour contract,it can be found that the application of the right to resign in judicial practice far exceeds the scope of Articles 37 and 38 of the Labour Contract Law.Considering the unenforceable nature of the subject matter of the labour contract and the balance between the labour rights of the employee and the management rights of the employer,it is reasonable and necessary to recognize the super-generalized right to resign.This article proposes that China’s legislation should clarify that the employee’s intention to terminate the labour contract illegally has the legal effect of terminating the labour contract when it reaches the employer,while if the employer suffers losses due to the illegal termination of the labour contract by the employee,the employee shall be liable for compensation.