从“天下”到“世界”——重思中国近代文化保守主义与民族主义之关系

From “Tianxia” to “World”:Rethinking the Relationship between Chinese Modern Cultural Conservatism and Nationalism

中国近代以来的秩序观念经历了由“天下体系”到“世界体系”的转变,这在哲学理念上体现为由“形而上的普遍性”向“逻辑的普遍性”转变。随着近代中国民族国家的建构,中国的民族主义思潮兴起,其强调特殊性的政治取向深刻影响了现代三大文化思潮。作为中国现代文化保守主义的主要代表,现代新儒学的三代学人都更为重视从普遍性的维度确证中国文化的恒久价值,而并非仅从民族文化特殊性的维度立论,这个立场与文化民族主义思潮存在着根本差异。现代新儒家的秩序观在“世界体系”的表象之下体现出对传统“天下体系”的回归,在理念上更为认同“形而上的普遍性”。因此,以单一的“民族主义”概念框架来界定现代中国的文化保守主义,显然有失偏颇。

The view of order in modern China has experienced a transformation from “Tianxia system” to “World system”,which is reflected in the philosophical idea from “metaphysical universality” to “logical universality”.With the construction of modern China’s nation-state, China’s nationalist trend of thought rise, its political orientation of emphasizing particularity has a profound impact on the three modern cultural trends.As the main representative of Chinese modern cultural conservatism, the three generations of scholars of Modern new Confucianism pay more attention to confirming the eternal value of Chinese culture from the dimension of universality, rather than just from the dimension of national cultural particularity.This position is fundamentally different from the thought trend of cultural nationalism.Under the appearance of the “World system”,the order view of Modern New Confucianism reflects the return to the traditional “Tianxia system”,and more identifies with the “metaphysical universality” in idea.Therefore, it is obviously too biased to define modern Chinese cultural conservatism with a single conceptual framework of “nationalism”.