试论唐代方镇留后“邀命于朝”功能的形成

Change from the Fanzhen Making a Descendant the Candidate Governor to “Claiming Appointment from the Imperial Court” in the Tang Dynasty

留后作为唐五代至北宋方镇体系的重要组成部分,前后存在近四百年之久,中间经历了诸多变化,其中最显著的变化是在安史之乱末期及动乱结束之初从“留主后务”发展出“邀命于朝”的功能。方镇利用“留后”的名号自立军帅,进而向朝廷邀求节度使旌节,而朝廷则以留后“留主后务”的功能遏制方镇自立军帅之举。在留后“邀命于朝”功能形成的过程中,方镇居于积极主动的一面,而朝廷则被动应对,但也起了推波助澜的作用。究其原因是安史之乱以后,方镇掌握了巨大的权力,而朝廷对方镇的管控能力已大为削弱,只能被动接受其邀求。

As an important part of the system of Fanzhen from the Tang Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty, the tradition of making a descendant the candidate governor by a death bed will existed for nearly 400 years and experienced many changes, the most remarkable one of which is the change from “making a descendant candidate for the candidate governor” to “claiming appointment from the imperial court” which occurred at the end of and immediately after the end of the An Lushan Rebellion. Fanzhen held armed forces in the name of the “candidate governor”, and then demanded the imperial court to grant it the governor’s credentials. In reverse, the imperial court curbed their military power in the name of their excuse of “candidate governor”. Fanzhen was active in the process of the changing, while the latter, though passive to respond, contributed to the change unwillingly. The court was forced to do so because Fanzhen gained great power after the An Lushan Rebellion, whereas the imperial court’s control of the Fanzhen was seriously weakened.