章太炎对民初议会政治的实践与批评

Zhang Taiyan’s Practice and Criticism of Parliamentary Politics in the Early Republic of China

章太炎在1912—1916年间的议会政治实践是曲折而多变的,他的态度经历了四次转变:辛亥革命后,他从激烈反对议会政党制度变为积极投身政党活动;在遭遇挫折后,他逐渐退出党争并转向支持袁世凯;与袁决裂后,他又寄望于重组政党力量以抵抗专制、维护共和;袁氏垮台后,他重获自由,再谈今日中国不宜有党,回到了最初对议会政治的反对立场。复杂的嬗变背后隐藏的是章太炎对政党和代议制度彻底的拒斥,以及对政体变革显著的保守态度,这与章太炎齐物哲学体系下对个体与团体关系的理解、对政体与政事的分疏密不可分,尤其彰显了他希望通过回向历史和传统政治经验重建秩序、安立世间法的政治哲学。

Zhang Taiyan’s party practice from 1912 to 1916 was tortuous and changeable.His attitude underwent four changes:after the 1911 Revolution,he changed from vehemently opposing the party system to actively participating in Party activities;In the practical setbacks,he gradually withdrew from the party struggle and turned to support Yuan Shikai;After breaking with Yuan,he hoped to reorganize the power of political parties to resist autocracy and safeguard the Republic;After Yuan’s downfall,he regained his freedom and returned to his original opposition to party politics.Hidden behind the complex evolution is Zhang Taiyan’s complete rejection of political parties and representative systems,and his remarkable conservative attitude towards regime change.This is inseparable from his understanding of the relationship between individuals and groups and his separation of regime and political affairs under the system of Qi Wu philosophy,especially his political philosophy that he hopes to rebuild order and establish laws in the world through returning to history and traditional political experience.On the one hand,his political party history and advocacy provided ideological resources for rethinking the system transplantation in the early years of the Republic of China.On the other hand,it also showed that history was not enough to provide an answer to reality.What was needed to re-establish the world law was more creative theory and practice.