即墨之战战略战术分析及启示——《史记·田单列传》管窥

Strategic and Tactical Analysis of Jimo Battle and Its Enlightenment:An Insight into Biography of Tian Dan in Historical Records

即墨之战是中国古代战争史上一场以弱胜强的经典战例,乐毅、田单等历史名将在此役中相继登场,为我们“上演”了一出斗智斗勇的“战国大戏”。特别是田单以临菑小吏的身份、舍我其谁的精神,主动承担起救亡图存的历史大任,使得“田单复齐”的故事流传千古。然而,经由司马迁“好奇”之笔的尽情描摹之后,后人出于对田单的个人“崇拜”,多以离间计、火牛阵等计谋盛赞田单,从而在一定程度上忽视了对这场战争的理性考察。作为《史记》中的战争名篇,《田单列传》值得我们运用更加科学合理的军事理论进行重新阐释,并注重发掘即墨之战中那些亘古不变的胜战之理。

Jimo Battle is a classic case of the weak winning the strong in the history of ancient Chinese wars.Yue Yi,Tian Dan and other great historical strategists appeared successively in this battle,which staged a battle of wisdom and courage for us during the Warring States period.In particular,as a minor official in Linzi,Tian Dan took the initiative to undertake the historical responsibility of saving the country and keeping it alive,which made the allusion of“Tian Dan restored Qi”spread through the ages.However,after being described by Sima Qian’s“curiosity”,the later generations praised Tian Dan with the strategies of“Sowing Discord”and“Fire Bulls”out of the personal“worship”of Tian Dan,so as to ignore the rational investigation of the war to a certain extent.As a famous war in Historical Records,Biography of Tian Dan deserves us to reinterpret it with more scientific and reasonable military theories,and pay attention to the unchanging principles of victory in Jimo Battle.