俄罗斯博士教育的转型、挑战、问题及其启示

Research on the Transformation,Challenges,Problems and Implications of Doctoral Education in Russia

进入21世纪,为了适应博士生教育国际化,俄罗斯博士教育经历了重大转型,所面临主要的挑战:教学与研究分离;部分学科短板难以融入国际主流;学术研究缺乏吸引力;博士招生扩张,培养压力剧增;博士生毕业率相对较低。俄罗斯博士教育主要问题凸显:博士培养方案结构化设计问题;博士培养目标二维性;博士教育扩招准备不足;入学选拔机制不够完善;资金支持缺乏;多重因素致使导师压力剧增;期刊论文发表负担较重。给我国博士教育的启示如下:一是完善入学选拔机制,二是调控博士招生规模,三是加强过程有效监控,四是出台期刊指导细则。

In the 21st century,in order to adapt to theinternationalization of doctoral education,Russian doctoral education has undergone a significant transformation,which brings about major challenges including:(a)separation of teaching and research;(b)some disciplinary gaps that make it difficult to integrate into the international mainstream;(c)lack of attractiveness in academic research;(d)dramatic increase in cultivation pressure due to enrollment expansion of PhD students;(e)relatively low doctoral graduation rate.The graduation of traditional doctoral students is mainly affected by factors such as demographic characteristics,psychological characteristics,departments,research institutions and supervisors.The main problems of doctoral education in Russia are highlighted as follows:(a)structural design of doctoral training programs;(b)two-dimensional goals of doctoral training;(c)inadequate preparation for the enrollment expansion of doctoral education;(d)imperfect selection mechanisms for admission;(e)lack of financial support;(f)excessive pressure on supervisors caused by multiple factors;(g)heavy burden of publishing journal papers.The main implications for doctoral education in China are as follows:(a)to improve the admission selection mechanism;(b)to regulate the enrollment scale of doctoral students;(c)to strengthen effective monitoring of cultivation process;(d)to introduce national guidelines and rules for the implementation for publishing academic journals.