中国大运河与五大自然水系相交技术研究

Study on The Technology of Intersection Between the Grand Canal and Five Natural Water Systems

中国的政治中心一般在北方,而魏晋南北朝后,南方逐步发展成为经济中心。大一统的帝国政府迫切需要开通一条水上通道将南方的粮食物资运送到京城及边关地区,以养活庞大的官僚阶层和军队。中国自然的江河水系基本都是从西往东流,因此,难以直接利用自然河流来沟通南北。这就决定了中国大运河必须是南北走向,而且必然与五大自然水系相交汇。中国大运河在与自然河流交汇处一般都建有不同形式的运口工程,这些维系船只在不同高程水平面通过的技术和工程,使大运河实现了与五大自然水系的顺利交汇,解决了在严峻的自然条件下修建长距离运河面临的地形高差、水源供给、水深控制、会淮穿黄等一系列难题,保证了1400多年来大运河的持续使用,也证实了中国大运河是世界运河工程史上的创造性杰作。

The political center of China is usually in the north,but after the Wei,Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties,the south gradually developed into an economic center.The unified imperial government desperately needed to open a waterway to transport southern grain supplies to the capital and border areas,to feed a huge bureaucracy and army.China’s natural rivers and water systems basically flow from west to east,Therefore,it is difficult to directly use natural rivers to connect north and south.This determined that the Grand Canal had to run north-south,and will inevitably produce the intersection with the five nature water system.The Grand Canal generally has different types of transport projects at its junction with natural rivers.The technology and engineering that keeps ships moving at different levels,so that the Grand Canal meets the five natural water system smoothly.It has solved a series of difficult problems,such as terrain difference,water supply,water depth control,and crossing of the Huaihe and the Yellow River,in the construction of long-distance canals under severe natural conditions,guaranteed the continuous use of the Grand Canal for more than 1 400 years.It also confirms that the Grand Canal of China is a creative masterpiece in the history of canal engineering in the world..