总体国家安全观下的生态安全:风险感知、形态进化与系统治理

Ecological Security under the Overall National Security Concept:Risk Perception,Morphological Evolution,and Systematic Governance

作为一种新的安全要素,生态安全是总体国家安全的重要组成部分,是审视生态系统完整性与人类可持续生存之间复杂连接的重要窗口,也是其他安全的重要前提和基础。工业化、城市化快速发展的同时,亦预埋了生态退化、气候变暖、土壤污染、核与辐射污染所引致的多重风险,给生态安全带来巨大挑战。在总体国家安全体系中,生态安全是人本政治的具体化,因而被赋予了更多的政治注意力。应对生态安全中的不确定性风险,“兜底性”治理是维护生态安全的基础。除了筑牢生态安全底线外,还应从更高层面的“引领性”思维出发,强化生态安全相比于其他安全的优先性,并做到“防患于未然”。实现生态安全“兜底性”形态向“引领性”形态的进化,需要从审视国家间关系、中央与地方关系、国家与社会关系等宏观结构性因素出发,将警惕生态殖民主义,促进中央环保督察常态化、“在地化”,发展威权式环境民主主义作为重要抓手。

Ecological security, though a relatively new factor, is an important part of national security.It is also an important window into the complex connection between ecosystem integrity and sustainable human survival as well as an important prerequisite and foundation for other security areas. With rapid industrialization and urbanization, multiple risks caused by ecological degradation, climate warming, soil pollution,and nuclear and radiation pollution have challenged ecological security. In the overall national security system, ecological security is the embodiment of humanistic politics and has been given more political attention.The uncertain risks in ecological security have created a “bottom-line” governance that underlies ecological security. Besides strengthening this bottom-line, we should also develop a higher-level thinking of leadership. This includes prioritizing ecological security over other security areas and preventing problems before they occur. Before ecological security can evolve from its “basic” to its “leading” form, we must first examine macro-structural factors such as the relationship between states, between the central and local governments, and between the state and society. We must also be alert to ecological colonialism, promote the normalization and localization of central environmental supervision, and develop authoritarian environmental democracy.