界面太阳能蒸发的应用研究进展

Research Progress of the Applications of Interfacial Solar Steam Generation

随着经济社会的高速发展,水资源短缺、环境污染、能源危机等是当前世界各国面临的难题。利用丰富的太阳能从海水、污水中蒸馏分离获得纯净水,是一种绿色、可持续的解决方案。然而,传统的太阳能蒸馏提纯原理是加热整体待分离液体,光热转换效率只能达到30%~45%,并且需要昂贵的设备和频繁的维护,这些因素极大地限制了太阳能在水净化领域中的实际应用。近年来出现的界面太阳能蒸发技术通过高效的光热转换材料将吸收的太阳能局限在蒸发层表面,大幅提高了光热转换效率,是一种高效、低成本、环保的水净化技术,在海水淡化、蒸馏分离、发电等领域具有广阔的应用前景,被认为是未来解决水资源危机的一种潜在策略。本文介绍了界面太阳能蒸发技术中的光热转换机理,简述了光热转换材料、蒸发器结构设计和热能工程管理在太阳能蒸发技术中取得的进展,概述了界面太阳能蒸发技术的应用研究现状,包括海水淡化、污水处理、太阳能蒸馏-发电联产、灭菌以及其他能源转换应用等,总结了当前该技术在实际应用中遇到的瓶颈问题,并展望了界面太阳能蒸发技术的发展趋势。界面太阳能蒸发技术对解决水资源短缺和能源危机具有重要的意义。

Water shortage,environmental pollution and energy crisis have been the global issues with the fast development of economic society.It is a green and sustainable solution to generate clean water from seawater and wastewater by distillation and separation with abundant solar energy.However,the traditional way of solar purification via heating the whole liquid has extremely low photo-thermal efficiency of 30%—45%,which calls for expensive equipment and frequent maintenance,whose practical applications are limited greatly.Recently,interface solar evaporation is a cost-efficient and environmental purification technology via heat location on the surface of evaporator,whose evaporation efficiency is much higher than that of the traditional way.This technology is a promising strategy to address the problem of water crisis in future and be applied in seawater desalination,distillation separation and power generation.In this review,the mechanism of photothermal conversion in interfacial solar evaporation technology is introduced,and the progress of photothermal conversion materials,evaporator structure design and thermal energy engineering management in solar evaporation technology is briefly described.The current development of interfacial solar evaporation in the areas of seawater desalination,water purification,solar distillation-cogeneration,sterilization and other energy generation is reviewed.The bottleneck problems encountered in practical application of this technology are summarized,and the development trend of interfacial solar evaporation technology is prospected.Interfacial solar evaporation technology is of great significance for solving water shortage and energy crisis.