社会差异化以及基于差异性的行动模式

Social Differentiation and Patterns of Action Based on Differentiation

差异化构成了社会发展的一个维度,人类历史就是差异化的历史,呈现出的是差异的扩大化和普遍化。农业社会是一个同质性的社会,为了维护同质性而排除差异和消灭差异,甚至经常性地通过战争的方式去消灭差异。工业社会的差异化程度呈现出迅速增长的趋势,但在这个社会中出现的认识论哲学确立了寻求同一性的原则,而且也落实到社会建构、制度安排等各个方面,表现出来的也是抹除差异的要求。随着人类陷入风险社会,面对社会的高度复杂性和高度不确定性,同一性追求已经失去了对行动的指导意义,更不可能转化为社会建构和制度安排上的物化设置。风险社会中合作行动所面对的是不可化约、不可消除的差异,必须在承认差异和包容差异的前提下开展行动。事实上,差异性也可以成为合作行动的资源,能够为合作行动提供动力并使合作行动得到优化。

Differentiation constitutes a dimension of social development.Human history is also the history of differentiation,showing the expansion and generalization of differences.The agricultural society is a homogeneous society.In order to maintain the homogeneity,differences are excluded and eliminated,and even differences are often eliminated through wars.The degree of differentiation in industrial society shows a trend of rapid growth,but the philosophy of epistemology emerging in this society has led to the establishment of the principle of seeking identity,and has also been implemented in social construction,institutional arrangement and other aspects,which also shows the requirement of erasing the difference.As human beings fall into the risk society and face the high complexity and uncertainty of society,the pursuit of identity has lost its guiding significance for action,being unable to be transformed into the materialization of social construction and institutional arrangement.In the risk society,the cooperative action is faced with irreducible and irremovable differences,so it must be carried out on the premise of recognizing and tolerating the differences.In fact,diversity can also be a resource for cooperative action,which can provide impetus and optimize cooperative action.