马克思主义批评视野下的民国女性健美风潮

Female Bodybuilding Trend During the Republic of China from the Perspective of Marxist Criticism

20世纪30年代以上海滩为中心兴起了一场追求健康美、自然美的女性健美风潮。尽管健美女性在女性气质与民族主义、消费主义的协商层面建构出不同于“摩登女性”的另一种审美风尚,但两者本质上均是以男性凝视与父权制文化为前提,围绕社会阶层、资本与时尚现代性展开的话语博弈。并且,基于马克思主义妇女理论的批评视野,这些缺乏经济自主权的健美女性不仅无法摆脱“资产阶级妻子/情人”的桎梏,而且对于近代中国妇女运动与阶级解放、民族解放合一的时代主潮相隔膜。健美女性改造身体的实践并不能有效解决民国时期知识女性与劳动妇女的生存出路,女性休闲需要走出物化女性与资本操纵的陷阱,唯有争取两性在政治资源、经济资源、文化资源上的平等,才是马克思主义赋权女性的根本道路。

In the 1930s, a wave of female bodybuilding in the pursuit of healthy beauty and natural beauty arose in the bund of Shanghai. Although bodybuilding women construct a different aesthetic trend from "modern women" on the level of negotiation among femininity, nationalism and consumerism, both are essentially the discourse games around social classes, capitals and fashion modernity on the premise of male gaze and patriarchal culture. Moreover, from the critical view of Marxist theory of women, these bodybuilding women who lack economic autonomy are not only unable to get rid of the shackles of "bourgeois wives or lovers", but also separated from the epochal mainstream of the modern Chinese women’s movement unified with class liberation and national liberation. The practice that the female bodybuilders work out their bodies cannot effectively resolve the dilemma of survival for the intellectual and working women in the Republic of China. While women’s leisure needs to walk out of the trap of materializing women and capital manipulation, only the strive for the equality of two sexes in political resources, economic resources, and cultural resources is the fundamental way for empowering women by Marxism.