工业社会学的起源与百年演进

The Origin of Industrial Sociology and Its Centennial Evolution

作为以现代性阐释为主旨的学科体系,社会学在其诞生伊始便以工业化进程及其社会影响为研究对象;古典社会学在发轫期提出的“劳动异化”“社会团结”“科层制”等理论命题,奠定了工业社会学最具基础性意义的理论前提。学科分支意义上的工业社会学并未在古典时期产生,而是到20世纪20年代,以梅奥为首的哈佛大学研究小组所进行的“霍桑实验”,开启了不同于管理学的社会研究范式,以解决具体问题为出发点,兼具突出的实用性和理论性,方才真正揭开学科分支意义上工业社会学发展的序幕。此后,工业社会学在欧美、苏联和东亚多线平行演进,形成了不同的分析范式。在微观视域,针对工业企业内部的劳资关系、人际关系、社会行为、工作效率和组织形式等问题展开研究,同时亦注意在宏观层面将工厂社会纳入工业社会总体的社会变迁之中来加以理解。进入20世纪晚期,工业社会学开始出现明显的式微现象,对此,我们应将其置于工业社会学起源和变迁的总体进程中来加以理解,此种式微现象并不意味着工业社会学的终结,而是以新的形态获得学科转换与发展。

As a disciplinary system with the main purpose to interpret modernity, sociology has taken the process of industrialization and its social impact as a research subject since its inception. The theoretical propositions, such as“labor alienation”,“social solidarity”and“bureaucratic system”were proposed in classical sociology, and laid the most fundamental theoretical precondition for industrial sociology. However, industrial sociology as a sub-branch of sociology did not emerge in the classical period until the 1920s, when the“Hawthorne Experiment”conducted by a Harvard research group headed by Mayo, opened it up as a social research paradigm different from management. While initiated with the aim to solve specific issues, it was of significant importance in practice and theory, and therefore became the prelude for the development of industrial sociology as an independent discipline. Subsequently, industrial sociology simultaneously evolved in Europe, America, the Soviet Union and East Asia, leading to different analytical paradigms.From the micro-perspective, research was carried out on issues such as labor-capital relations, interpersonal relationships, social behavior, work efficiency and organizational structures within industrial enterprises. Concurrently, it also focused on the understanding of social transformations by incorporating factory societies into the overall industrial society at the macro level. In the late 20th century, industrial sociology began to show an obvious phenomenon of decline. Concerning this, we should understand it in the overall process of the origin and changes of industrial sociology. Nevertheless, this decline doesn’t mean the end of industrial sociology, rather its transformation and development into a new form as a discipline.