历史唯物主义的射程——现代人类学对马克思社会结构理论的发展

The Validity of Historical Materialism:A Development of Marx’s Socio-structural Approach by Modern Anthropology

本文旨在以现代人类学为基础重新探讨历史唯物主义。历史唯物主义可为分析经济现象提供一种从“生产”视角出发的社会结构理论。然而,机械唯物论的影响抑制了这一理论视角的灵活性、可操作性。本文从现代人类学与马克思、恩格斯理论思考在渊源上的亲和性出发,首先揭示现代人类学研究给历史唯物主义提出的四个挑战——这四个挑战同时是实证科学发展历史唯物主义的四个要求。随后,本文一方面对马克思、恩格斯理论文本进行重访,并引入现代人类学对历史唯物主义的“再诠释”,在理论上论证了历史唯物主义满足以上四个要求。另一方面,基于扩大历史唯物主义的射程和保持历史唯物主义结构因果性的两种尝试,本文从实践层面论证了历史唯物主义可以通过自我调整以适应实证科学的要求,且能够成为一种分析前资本主义社会和当代经济现象的有效社会结构理论。

This article attempts to reconstruct historical materialism based on refined discoveries and new requirements given by modern anthropology.Historical materialism is a socio-structural theory that provides a“production scope”for analyzing socio-economical phenomena.However,the intrusion of vulgar materialism has threatened the flexibility and operability of this specific theoretical scope.Therefore,this article explores four challenges of historical materialism given by modern anthropology.These challenges also make up the requirements for the theory to be qualified as an empirical science.Furthermore,by revisiting Marx and Engels’theoretical texts,historical materialism proves to meet the requirements above after a“reinterpretation”based on modern anthropology.Meanwhile,this article introduces two kinds of theoretical practice as self-adjustments of historical materialism to satisfy the requirements of being empirical.One of the practices attempts to extend the validity of historical materialism while the other maintains its strong structural causality among social structures.These attempts enable historical materialism to be an effective sociostructural theory to analyze pre-capitalism society and the contemporary socioeconomical phenomena.