社会阶层定位的主观感知模式——基于社会阶层心理学视角的解释

Subjective Perception Patterns of Social Class Positioning:A Cognitive Model of Social Status and Empirical Test

本文借助社会阶层心理学的分析视角,探讨社会阶层定位如何系统地影响人们感知与评价自我、他人与社会的方式,从而塑造主观感知模式。本文指出,社会阶层定位存在客观与主观两重内涵,强调主观阶层的必要性和意义在于,由于主客观阶层间存在普遍不一致性,客观阶层无法替代主观阶层来解释主观感知等特定社会现象。在此基础上,本文引入社会认知视角下的社会阶层理论,提出社会阶层塑造主观感知的基本分析框架:首先,静态的阶层定位对主观感知与评价具有正向影响,其中,主观阶层定位的解释力远高于客观阶层;其次,动态的阶层流动带来预期、经历与局部参照三种调整校正机制,进一步影响主观感知模式的形成。笔者使用中国综合社会调查(CGSS)五期数据对这一分析框架进行了实证检验。这一系统分析主观分层现象的解释框架,有助于弥补结构决定论分析主观感知与评价时解释力不足的局限性,同时有助于我们更深刻地理解当前社会中主观层面涉及的诸多不平等现象。

From the social cognitive perspective of social class, this study explores how social class positioning systematically affects how people perceive and evaluate themselves, others, and the larger society, thereby shaping their subjective perception patterns. The social class indicators can be objective or subjective. The study emphasizes the significance of the subjective class in view of the observed discordance between objective class and class identification(or self-rated class). Objective class indicators can’t replace the subjective class to account for specific social phenomena related to subjective perception. This study introduces the social cognitive perspective of social class. It proposes a model for analyzing subjective perception and develops a set of hypotheses.First, the static class indicators positively relate to the subjective evaluation,and the subjective class has a more significant effect than the objective class.Second, the proposed model highlights three adjustment mechanisms of expectations, experiences, and local comparisons, which help shape subjective perception patterns. Data from China General Social Survey is used to test these hypotheses empirically. The proposed model overcomes the limitations of structural determinism in explaining how social class shapes subjective perceptions and provides an alternative explanation of the subjective inequality phenomena in contemporary China.