从厌镇鬼神到风水荫佑——买地券内涵演变考略

From Suppressing Gods and Ghosts to Fengshui Blessings:A Study on the Evolution of the Connotation of Land Deed(Maidiquan)

作为宗教性随葬文书的买地券,东汉时期的基本诉求是让亡魂在阴间有归依之所,为此而厌镇阴间冥神和其他亡魂,断绝死生交通。魏晋买地券仍强调冢宅归墓主所有,其他亡魂不得侵占。南朝买地券经过新天师道改造,道教色彩浓郁,写法有所改变,但基本诉求不变。隋唐券文开始描写墓地风水,宋代描写墓地地理形势、祈求风水荫佑的文字更多,买地券写法发生很大变化。写法变化的背后是丧葬观念的巨大转变。风水信仰的流行,助葬者自我保护意识增强,风水师对丧葬仪式的合理化改造,是推动买地券内涵演变的主要动力。

As a kind of religious funeral document,the basic appeal of the land deed(maidiquan)in the Eastern Han Dynasty was to give the departed souls a place to stay in the netherworld,and for this reason,the gods in the netherworld,and other departed souls were dominated,and the communication between the living and the dead was cut off.In the Wei and Jin Dynasties,the land deed still emphasized that the tomb dwelling belonged to the owner of the tomb,and other souls were not allowed to encroach.Reformed by the New Tianshi Taoism in the Southern Dynasties,the land deed had rich Taoist color,and its writing style had changed while its basic demands remained the same.In the Sui and Tang Dynasties,the land deed began to describe the fengshui of the tomb,and in the Song Dynasty,more words appeared in the land deed representing the geographical situation of the tomb and praying for fengshui blessings and protections,and the writing style of the land deed changed greatly.Behind the change in writing style is a huge shift in the concept of funeral.The popularity of fengshui beliefs,the enhanced self-protection consciousness of the helpers for funeral rituals and the fengshui masters’rationalization of funeral rituals were the main driving forces for the evolution of land deed connotation.