论R.杜娜叶夫斯卡娅的思想发展与哲学定向

On Development and Philosophical Orientation of Dunayevskaya’s Thoughts

杜娜叶夫斯卡娅是当代影响深远的美国马克思主义哲学家,但目前对其思想的研究仍有不少未竟之境。杜娜叶夫斯卡娅从叛离“托派”到“约翰逊—福斯特思潮”时期、再到人本主义时期有着复杂的思想历程,也有着深刻的“问题意识”。杜娜叶夫斯卡娅从存在论层面切入对托洛茨基思想的批判,揭示了托洛茨基激进的革命思想深处的形而上学地基,有其深刻之处和启发意义。但杜娜叶夫斯卡娅的多元“主体辩证法”向黑格尔主义的回归又将使其脱离现实的根基。杜娜叶夫斯卡娅对托洛茨基苏联观的批判为反思苏联问题提供了新的视角,但不仅这一理论构想本身存在难以自圆之处,而且诉诸“总体解决”的理论方案也流于一种空洞的理想主义。究其实质,杜娜叶夫斯卡娅对当代社会主义的视野局限使她没有看到社会主义发展的多种可能,她与社会主义实践的疏离使她停留于抽象的思辨。

Dunayevskaya is a contemporary American philosopher who has wide influences. The study on the thoughts of Dunayevskaya needs to be carried forward further. From the critique on Trotskyism to the theory of State Capitalism and to the Humanism philosophy, the development of the thoughts of Dunayevskaya is complicate while her thoughts have deep “problem awareness ”. Dunayevskaya’s critiques on Trotsky from the view of ontology reveal the ground of metaphysics in Trotsky’s revolutionary thoughts,which are deep-going and revealing. However, Dunayevskaya’s subjectivity dialectic which goes back to Hegelianism makes her thoughts separated from the reality. Dunayevskaya’s critiques on Trotsky’s views on Soviet Union provide a new angle for rethinking the Soviet problem,not only there’s deficiency in its theory,but also the scheme of “total solution”a kind of empty idealism. Due to the limits of her views on Socialism,Dunayevskaya doesn’t see more possibilities in Socialism,and she stays in abstract dialectics due to her distance from the Socialist practices.