高原徒步登山中急性高原病的风险因素及预防建议——基于贡嘎山徒步登山路线的实证研究

Risk Factors and Preventive Advices of Acute Mountain Sickness in Highland Trekking——A Empirical Research Based on the Trekking Line of Gongga Mountain

急性高原病(acute mountain sickness,AMS)是导致高原徒步登山事故发生的主要风险之一。系统综述、田野调查等方法的使用,有助于深入分析风险因素,梳理风险发生过程。经实地研究发现,贡嘎山自然环境变幻莫测,徒步登山者受到“封闭空间”的限制,只能依赖“轨迹重叠”的路线行进,导致难以制定更加科学、合理的行程计划;从社会环境而言,徒步登山者缺乏获取专业知识和信息的渠道,管理者也未能合理限制徒步登山区域,导致事故救援处于被动局面;徒步登山者往往仅凭个人经验评估身体状况,低估了高原徒步登山的风险,非理性的风险观念导致其采取错误行为;从装备维度而言,风险发生具有延后性,最终与其他因素共同影响徒步登山者的安全状态。以此形成由前因、经过、结果组成的AMS风险发生模型。风险因素激发后,徒步登山者应当及时识别并控制病情发展,增强救援能力避免事故损失进一步扩大。建议:建造生态步道,降低环境风险;拓展教育渠道,普及预防知识;建立信息平台,强化风险识别;完善救援体系,提供安全保障。

Acute mountain sickness is one of the major risks leading to the accidents in highland trekking. Systematic reviews and field surveys can help to analyze risk factors and sort out risk processes. In this field study, it is found that the natural environment of Gongga Mountain is unpredictable, because of the “closed space”, the trekkers can only rely on the routes of “overlapping trajectories”,which result in a more scientific and reasonable itinerary plan is difficult to be made. In terms of social environment, trekkers lacks the access to professional knowledge and information, and administrators may cannot to restrict trekking areas reasonably, which result in a passive situation in accident rescue. Trekkers tend to assessment their physical condition based on personal experiences and underestimate the risks of highland trekking, their irrational risk perceptions lead them to adopt wrong behaviors. In terms of the agent, the delayed occurrence of risk affects the trekkers’ safety status together with other factors. Based on the above discussion, an AMS risk occurrence model in highland trekking composed of antecedents, processes, and results is formed. After the risk factors are stimulated, trekkers should identify and control the development of the disease promptly, and enhancing rescue capabilities can avoid further expansion of accident losses. Suggestions: Build ecological trails to reduce environmental risks;expand education channels to popularize prevention knowledge;establish information platforms to strengthen risk identification;improve rescue systems to provide security.