从“蓄水拦沙”到“蓄清排浑”:三门峡水库建设的历史考察

From “Water Storage and Sediment Retention” to “Storing Clear and Discharging Muddy”: Historical Investigation of Sanmenxia Reservoir Construction

中华人民共和国成立后,国家尝试通过建设三门峡水库“蓄水拦沙”根治黄河水患,造福人民。由于对黄河泥沙运动规律认识不足,过于信赖苏联专家,又缺乏科学论证,三门峡水库修建规划8个月内被草率地编制;随后在赶超心理的驱动下,水库工程仓促上马并提前完成;蓄水之后不到两年,库区淤积大量泥沙,关中平原大片良田被浸没,西安的安全受到威胁。针对这些问题,中国共产党从实际出发,采用“蓄清排浑”的方式对水库进行了改建。三门峡水库利用方式从规划建设阶段的“蓄水拦沙”变为改建后的“蓄清排浑”,表明中国共产党在黄河治理实践中善于总结经验,不断创新,治水能力愈来愈成熟。

After the founding of New China, in order to cure the Yellow River for the benefit of the people, governmenttried to settle the Yellow River sediment problem once and for all through the construction of Sanmenxia Reservoir “water storage and sediment control” to make the Yellow River clear. During the construction of the Sanmenxia Reservoir, the workers who governed the Yellow River at the time were eager to seek the advice of the Soviet experts, and completed the planning of the Sanmenxia Reservoirin eight months.Followed by catch-up psychology, Sanmenxia Reservoir was rushed to construct and completed ahead of schedule. Less than two years after the impoundment, the reservoir area deposited a large amount of silt, large tracts of fertile farmland in theGuanzhong Plain were submerged, and the security of xi’an was threatened.In response to the problems that occurred after the Sanmenxia Reservoir was impounded, the Communist Party of China proceeded from reality and rebuilt it by applying the method of “storing clean water and removing muddy water”. The operation mode of the Sanmenxia Reservoir from the “water and sediment storage” in the stage of reservoir planning and construction to “storing clear and discharging muddy”in the stage of reconstruction, it shows that the state’s water control capacity is becoming more and more mature.