国际经贸协定国企条款的立法趋势与中国的立场演化

SOE Norms in International Economic Treaties and Evolution of China’s Stance

国有企业条款的引入是国际经贸规则的新趋势,其不仅借鉴了世界贸易组织(WTO)的“边境内”措施规制框架,而且融合了美欧自由贸易协定(FTA)竞争政策章节的宗旨和特点。以《全面与进步跨太平洋伙伴关系协定》(CPTPP)国有企业章节为例,国有企业规制覆盖的实体范围广泛,设定强化的商业考量、非歧视义务和针对性的反补贴规则,提出较高的透明度标准,同时体现出竞争中性理念的硬法化趋势。中国在这一议题上的主要实践始于对“WTO+”承诺的接受,经过探索与转型,逐渐转变为积极参与。中国应审慎看待国有企业国际规制的多面性及其对中国的影响,吸收竞争中性理念指引国内改革,同时推动规则设计的平衡性和包容性。

It has been a new trend in the making of international economic and trade agreements(FTAs)to include provisions related to State-owned enterprises(SOEs).Such provisions are based on existing WTO framework of behind-the-border measures and rules and the objectives and characteristics of the competition chapters of FTA between the United States and the European Union.The SOE chapters of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership(CPTPP)is illustrative of the traits of modern SOEs norms.In the agreement,the SOE-related measures and rules cover a wide range of entities;its definition of commercial considerations and non-discrimination obligations has been strengthened;and it has also defined SOE-specific subsidy rules,put forward higher transparency standards,and reflected the"hardening"trend of the competitive neutrality concept.Starting with acceptance of WTOplus obligations,China’s paradigm on SOE norms is shifting into a more proactive role of participant after decades of exploration and transition.China should deal with the multiple facets of SOE norms and their impacts prudently,make use of the competitive neutrality concept to guide domestic reforms,and,at the same time,make SOEs norms more balanced and inclusive.