闽南近代移民与侨乡文化遗产形成探析——以金门为对象

An Analysis of Modern Emigrants from Southern Fujian and the Shaping of Cultural Heritage in the Hometown of Overseas Chinsee:Taking Kinmen(Quemoy)as an Case

金门、厦门与泉州一衣带水、同根同源,位于闽南文化核心圈内,17世纪中叶前已有居民南渡东南亚成为华侨。厦门于1842年正式开港,到1860年华工出洋合法化,在“牵引式移民”(学者亦称之“链式移民”)的机制下,金门青壮人口大量赴海外谋生,且在各地组织宗亲、同乡或同业会馆,对移民社会影响力不可谓不大。金门承继闽南文化之精髓,因历史原因在其发展的70多年间,所受的现代化进程冲击较小,生活形态上保存传统的闽南与侨乡文化,如融入华侨输入的南洋文化因素体现在建筑式样和装饰的花砖、饮食中的椰奶和沙茶等。据调查,金门地区168个自然村中仍拥有170多座宗祠、280座庙宇和130处以宗祠为中心的聚落,以及海外华侨回乡建筑中西交融的洋楼、番仔楼数百座。这么大规模的历史遗存包含了连续性、完整性及活态的物质与非物质文化遗产,在世界上是十分珍贵和罕见的。

Locating in the core circle of Minnan(Southern Fujian)culture,Kinmen,Xiamen and Quanzhou are separated by a strip of water and share the same root.Before the middle of the 17th century,their residents had emigrated to South East Asia to become overseas Chinese.Along with the port open of Xiamen in 1842 and the legalization of Chinese worker to go abroad in 1860,and under the mechanism of"tractive migration"(scholars also call it"chain migration"),a large number of young people from Kinmen went abroad to make a living,and organized clan associations,hometown associations and trade associations in various places,which had a great influence on the migrant society.For more than 70 years since the partition across Taiwan Strait for historical reasons,Kinmen which inherits the essence of Minnan culture,has suffered less impact from the modernization,and preserved the integrated culture of traditional Minnan and hometown of overseas Chinese in terms of lifestyle.The Nanyang cultural factors imported by overseas Chinese are reflected in the architectural style and decorative tiles,coconut milk Sa-dei in the diet and so on.There are still more than 170 ancestral halls,280 temples and 130 settlements centered on ancestral halls in 168 natural villages in Kinmen,as well as hundreds of Western-style buildings and Fanzi buildings with the integration of China and the West built by overseas Chinese returning home.Such a large-scale historical heritage,which includes continuous,complete and living material and intangible cultural heritage,is very precious and rare in the world.