超过两年通知期限的商品自损赔偿责任

Compensation for Self-damage of The Goods over A Two-years Notice Period

商品瑕疵于交付两年后暴露,买受人即使无过错,仍无法依合同请求赔偿商品自损。既有补救方案存在诸多缺陷,不能合理地解决最长两年通知期间的弊端。商品瑕疵多发生在设计、生产环节,专业知识的缺乏及买受人对全新商品的期待,令销售商没有能力和机会检测商品并对质量负责,其承担责任后通过追偿由制造商承担最终责任。为免出卖人难以搜集证据向制造商追责,《民法典》第621条设置绝对化之两年期间,但同时保护了销售商和制造商,构成法律漏洞,应将“出卖人”限缩为单纯销售商。客观上,质量默示担保是流通商品的必备属性,无须明示与意思合致,可成立于制造商与买受人间。主观上,除代理商外,行纪商、协议经销商、特许经营商等,均为商品销售体系的重要构成,受制造商相当程度的控制。下级销售商的分销符合委托人的意愿与利益,亦间接受制造商一定控制。隐蔽瑕疵于交付两年后暴露,如买受人无过错,可类推《民法典》第926条,直接向制造商追责。

The defects of the goods are exposed after two-years from delivering.Even if the buyer is not at fault,the buyer cannot smoothly request compensation for self-damage of the goods in accordance with the contract.The rationality of existed schemes are not sufficiently scientific and reasonable,and cannot properly resolve the injustice.Sellers lack professional knowledge and buyers expect products that have not been opened or used.Sellers have no ability and opportunity to detect defects in products.Commodity defects mostly occur in the design and production links,and the manufacturer is ultimately responsible.After the seller takes the responsibility,it can be recovered to the manufacturer level by level.In order to prevent the good faith seller from collecting evidence to hold the manufacturer accountable,a 2-year period of notice should be set.Article 621 of the Civil Code does not distinguish between simple sellers and manufacturers.The protection constitutes a concealed legal loophole.The“sellers”should be limited to simple sellers.Objectively speaking,the implied quality guarantee is an essential attribute of circulated commodities,and it does not need to be expressly consistent with the meaning,and can be established between the manufacturer and the buyer.Subjectively,agents,dealers,contract dealers,and franchisees are important components of the manufacturer’s merchandise sales system and are controlled by the manufacturer to a certain extent.The lower-level sellers do not have direct contact with the manufacturer,but their existence is in line with the manufacturer’s wishes,and the manufacturer’s control of sales-related matters will also be passed to the lower-level distributors.If the concealed defect is exposed 2 years after the delivery of the goods,and the buyer is not at fault,it can be analogized that Article 926 of the Civil Code,and the buyer directly holds the manu facturer to account.