重构与危机:丰臣政权的兴衰与16世纪晚期日本的政治合法性考辨

Reconstruction and Crisis:The Rise and Fall of the Toyotomi Regime and the Political Legality of Japan in the Late 16th Century

16世纪晚期,历经长期战争与割据的日本迎来武家统一政权的重建。在织田信长开启武力统一政策,赐姓丰臣的羽柴秀吉凭借诸多军事、政治手段最终平定全国的过程中,曾因京都朝廷和室町幕府的式微而全面瓦解的中央权力重建为丰臣政权,由丰臣氏统领武士阶层、进行全国统治的武家统一政权,也通过“武家关白”和“丰臣授姓”等政策的施行初步构建起政体与政权层面的政治合法性。然而,秀吉晚年贸然发动侵略朝鲜的战争,加之未能妥善处理继承人问题引发“秀次事件”等政策失误,造成了严重的统治困境与合法性危机。丰臣政权也因此在秀吉死后很快被德川政权所取代。

In the late 16th century, Japan, which had experienced long-term wars and separatism, ushered in thereconstruction of the unified military regime. When Oda Nobunaga initiated the policy of unification byforce, and Hashiba Hideyoshi, who was given the surname Toyotomi, finally pacify the country with manymilitary and political means, the central power that had been completely disintegrated due to the decline ofthe Kyoto court and the Muromachi shogunate, was rebuilt as the Toyotomi regime, the unified politicalpower of the samurai family, which under the leadership of the Toyotomi clan to rule the whole country, alsoinitially established political legitimacy at the level of political system and regime through the implementation of policies such as " Samurai Kanpaku" and " Granting Toyotomi Surname".However,Hideyoshi’s rash launch of the war of aggression against the Chosun in his later years,coupled with the failure to properly deal with the successor issue caused policy errors such as the " Hidetsugu Incident",resulting in a serious ruling dilemma and legitimacy crisis.Therefore,the Toyotomi regime was quickly replaced by the Tokugawa regime after Hideyoshi’s death.