中国近代城市公园休闲游憩功能的形成发展与当代保护更新

The Formation and Development of Leisure and Recreation Functions of Modern Urban Parks in China and Its Renewal of Contemporary Protection

“近代公园”特指该公园始建年代为近代时期,并一直存续至今的城市公园。通过梳理近代公园在创立、发展和繁荣三个不同时期各阶段中休闲游憩的历史演变发展脉络,归纳近代公园游憩本底特征是从局限性、从属性到逐步实现人民全面需求性的性质、角色和地位转变,从而厘清近代公园在历史脉络过程中游憩人群、游憩活动、游憩设施等的发展变化。并针对在近代公园嬗变为新时代城市公园过程中公园休闲游憩在历史承载物客观和人文主观两个方面表现的主要问题,提出休闲游憩视角下近代公园保护与更新具有外部性和内部性特征。其中,近代公园外部性特征表现为形成具有共生关系的城市游憩活动新引擎和突出在城市休闲游憩中的核心价值地位等两个特征,内部性特征表现为公园遗存融入现代社会日常游憩生活、记录和传承公园历史演变过程,有机组织发掘活遗产秩序等三个特征。最后,基于近代公园的历史发展脉络和本底特征,提出近代公园的有机更新与保护途径需一方面坚持有机更新动态发展应与城俱进,另一方面应当突出以人的休闲游憩需求与体验为基本目的。以此来符合当下近代公园在新时代的地位和角色才能更好延续和传承近代公园持久的生命力。

The modern park refers specifically to the urban park that was built in the modern period and has been in existence to this day.The article first sorts out the historical evolution and development of leisure and recreation in the three different stages of modern parks in the establishment,development,and prosperity,and concludes that the basic characteristics of modern parks and recreation are from limitations,Subordination to gradually realizing people’s comprehensive needs.Changes in nature,roles,and status,so as to clarify the development and changes of recreational groups,recreational activities,recreational facilities,etc.,in the historical context of modern parks.In view of the transformation of modern parks into urban parks in the new era,this paper puts forward the main problems of park leisure and recreation in the two aspects of historical bearing objects and humanistic subjective and then proposes that the protection and renewal of modern parks from the perspective of leisure and recreation have externalities and internals characteristics.Among them,the external features of modern parks are two features:the formation of a new engine for urban recreational activities with a symbiotic relationship and the core value status of urban leisure and recreation.The internal characteristics are three characteristics:the integration of the park remains into the daily recreational life of modern society,the recording and inheritance of the historical evolution process of the park,and the organic organization of the excavation of the living heritage order.Finally,based on the historical development context and background characteristics of modern parks,this paper proposes that the organic renewal and protection of modern parks should,on the one hand,adhere to the dynamic development of organic renewal and keep pace with the city,and on the other hand,should focus on human leisure.Recreational needs and experience are the basic purposes.This is in line with the current status and role of modern parks in the new era in order to better continue and inherit the lasting vitality of modern parks.