良知与知识的四种关系——唐君毅对王阳明良知学说的新发展

Four Relations between Conscience and Knowledge——Tang Junyi’s new development of Wang Yangming’s theory of conscience

唐君毅在《中国哲学原论》诸篇,有三处较为集中的阳明学研究内容。《导论篇》“原格物致知”章,在《大学》诠释与朱王异同视域下,定位阳明学术基点在“真知其己知”与“知行合一”,指出阳明以良知统摄诸大学工夫,特出于《大学》朱子。《原性篇》第十四章,唐君毅疏释“良知心体,何以既是至善、又无善无恶?”的难题,会通“四句教”的义理结构与“阳明为学三变”的历史演变。第三部分《原教篇》第十二章,由前两部分深化而来,唐君毅梳理良知诸义,阐发良知学核心概念与义理命题,新见迭出。此外,唐君毅代阳明答良知诸疑,并考察熊十力、牟宗三等同时代学者的良知新说,归纳论述良知与知识的四种关系:“俱时而呈现之同一关系”“更迭呈现之相斥关系”“目的与手段之相从之关系”“交互并在之关系”。这可视作良知学说的新发展,值得关注研究。

In Theories of Chinese Philosophy compiled by Tang Junyi,there are three parts mainly focusing on the researches on Yangming Studies.The chapter titled“The Original Gewu Zhizhi”in the“Introduction”section,under the perspective of the differences and similarities in the interpretation of The Great Learning by Zhu Xi and Wang Yangming,indicates that Wang’s academic starting point is based on“the true knowledge of what one knows”and“the unity of knowledge and practice,”and pointed out that Wang’s application of conscience to analyze various great learning efforts is derived from Zhu Xi’s edition of The Great Learning.In Chapter 14 of the second part“On the Original Nature”,Tang explained the contradiction of“why conscience and mind body are the best in nature and at the same time neither good nor evil,”and worked out the logic structure of“The Four-Sentence Teaching”and the historical evolution of the“three stages of Yangming Studies.”In Chapter 12 of the third part“On the Original Teaching”which is a deepened analysis based on the previous two parts,Tang reviewed various meanings of conscience and talked about the core concept and propositions of the study of conscience,showing a lot of new insights.Besides,Tang also answered the questions concerning conscience for Wang Yangming.After studying the new theories on conscience of his contemporaries such as Xiong Shili and Mou Zongsan,he made a summary of the four relations between conscience and knowledge as follows:the sameness relation,the opposing relation,the subordinate relation and the coordinate relation,which can be regarded as a new development in the theory of conscience,which is worthy of attention and research.