福柯的身体哲学与修身技艺——基于《知识意志》的“主体性真理”阐释

Foucault’s body philosophy and self-cultivation technique:An interpretation of “Subjectivity Truth” based on The Will to Knowledge

如果修身哲学在于求得真实的自我,那么人们要解决“如何成为自己”的问题,就要追问“本真自我”是何样态。在《知识意志》中,福柯以“欲望身体”为中心来思考与理解自我,只是他的这种理解自我的方式是一条“隐线”。福柯的阐述暗含两种追问“我们是什么”的方式:一种是通过“科学话语”的规范来确证我们的身份;另一种是叩问生命本身,亦即对个体“修身技艺”的内在体证。然而,通过考察可知,“修身技艺”才是最重要的,它是一种对“主体性真理”的觉悟,是一种生命的觉悟,完全不同于“智解性真理”的“科学话语”路向。

If the philosophy of self-cultivation lies in seeking the true self, then the issue how we can “be ourselves” needs to inquire into the present state of “the true self”. In The Will to Knowledge, Foucault takes the “desire body” as the center to think and understand the self, but his way of self-understanding is not an “explicit line” but an “implicit line”. Foucault’s exposition implies two ways of asking “what we are”: one is to confirm our identity through the norms of “scientific discourse”, while the other is to inquire into life itself,that is, the internal body certificate of individual “self-cultivation technique”. However, it can be seen that “self-cultivation technique” is the most important, which is a kind of awareness of “experiencing the truth”and awareness of life, completely different from the “scientific discourse” way of “intellectual truth”.