轻罪前科消灭制度构建

Construction of misdemeanor record elimination system

产生于重罪重罚的“小刑法”时代的前科制度,有效地发挥了犯罪预防的作用,但也具有“标签化”、过度限制前科人员权利等负效用。特别是在轻罪逐渐增多的“大刑法”时代,现有前科制度有违罪责一致的原则,亦不利于轻罪犯重新回归社会,也与刑法“严而不厉”的优化趋势相冲突。因此,应构建差异化的前科消灭制度:限定前科消灭制度的适用范围为轻罪,采用自然消灭、裁量消灭、推迟消灭3种方式,保留刑事领域的法律后果,选择性保留非刑事领域的法律后果,并封存相关犯罪记录。

The criminal record system,which originated in the era of“small criminal law”with heavy punishment for serious crimes,has effectively played the role of crime prevention,but it also has negative effects such as“labeling”and excessive restrictions on the rights of criminals.Especially in the era of“grand criminal law”when misdemeanors are gradually increasing,the existing criminal record system violates the principle of consistent guilt and responsibility,which is not conducive to the return of petty criminals to society,and also conflicts with the optimization trend of“strict but not severe”criminal law.Therefore,a differentiated criminal record elimination system should be constructed:the scope of application of the criminal record elimination system is limited to misdemeanor crimes,and three methods of natural elimination,discretionary elimination and delay elimination should be adopted,the legal consequences in the criminal field should be retained,and the legal consequences in the non-criminal field should be selectively retained,and relevant criminal records should be sealed.