美国融合教育专业助手服务模式:优势、困境与应对策略

The Paraprofessional Service Delivery Model for Inclusive Education in the United States:Advantages,Difficulties and Countermeasures

专业助手服务模式是美国融合教育支持体系的重要一环,包含一对一服务模式、班级服务模式和巡回服务模式三种实践样态。美国融合教育实践经验表明,专业助手服务模式具有缓解特殊教育师资短缺压力,降低财政支出,减轻教师工作负担,提高教师授课效率,惠及所有学生等优势。然而,该模式在融合教育实践过程中也面临着专业助手角色职责模糊且不当、培训与监督情况欠佳、融合教育团队与特殊学生对专业助手过度依赖等困境。据此,美国通过明确融合教育团队成员的角色职责以改善团队协作的效率,通过培训和监督专业助手以提升相关服务的有效性,通过构建更具融合性的服务模式以减少对专业助手的过度依赖。

The paraprofessional service delivery model is an important part of the support system for inclusive education in the United States,which consists of three practical modes:the one-to-one service delivery model,the class service delivery model,and the itinerant service delivery model.The practical experience of inclusive education in the United States shows that paraprofessional service delivery models have the advantages of alleviating the pressure of the shortage of special education teachers,reducing financial expenditures and the workload of teachers,improving the efficiency of teaching,and benefiting all students.However,in practice,these models face the dilemmas of vague and inappropriate roles for paraprofessionals,poor training and supervision,and over-reliance on them by the inclusive education teachers and students with special needs.The United States has improved the efficiency of teamwork by clarifying the roles and responsibilities of inclusive education teachers,improved the effectiveness of related services by training and supervising paraprofessionals,and reduced the over-reliance on paraprofessionals by building a more integrated support service model.