中美电商平台规制体系比较——新经济规制体系的适应性、可流动性与可预期性

Comparative Analysis of Regulatory Systems of E-commerce Platforms in China and the United States——The Fluidity,Adaptability and Predictability of the New Economic Regulation System

近年来,中国电商产业依托政策红利、巨量市场规模和完备基础设施等优势迅速发展,同时,如何完善电商规制体系、促进新经济业态的持续增长与规避负面效应成为十分重要的问题。中美电商在发展过程中呈现出不同方面的特点。在发展历程上,美国电商发展历史较长且具备成熟的法律体系,而中国电商则更具赶超型特征,依托政策红利和巨量市场规模实现迅速崛起,法律体系也在同步跟进;在规制措施上,美国较早地完成了反垄断规制由结构主义向行为主义的转型,并主要通过事后监管和法律体系的完善来规避平台的创新抑制行为、知识产权纠纷和消费者数据滥用等问题,而中国则采取了行政监管与法律逐步完善的方式来应对相关问题,并且逐步进入强监管阶段;在规制效果上,中国现有的电商规制体系未能充分发挥头部企业的竞争优势,需借鉴美国规制体系中对互联网“非中心性”技术创新等的关注,将不同产业的电商区别对待,并预防系统性风险。中美电商平台规制体系的不同反映的并非仅电商产业本身的差异,而是更深层次国民经济发展的不同。为了能够在全球电商竞争和跨境电商潮流中充分发挥独特的优势,中国需要形成具有适应性、可流动性和可预期性的新经济规制体系。

In recent years,China’s e-commerce industry has developed rapidly relying on the advantages of policy dividends,huge market scale and complete infrastructure.At the same time,how to improve the regulatory system of ecommerce,promote the sustainable growth of new economic forms of business and avoid the negative effects has become a very important issue.The development of e-commerce in China and the United States has demonstrated different characteristics.In terms of the development process,the United States has a long history of e-commerce development and a mature legal system;while China is more of a catch-up character,relying on the huge market and policy dividends to achieve the rapid rise of ecommerce,and the legal system is also synchronized.In terms of the regulation measures,the United States earlier completed the transformation of the antitrust regulation from structuralism to the behaviorism,and avoid such problems as platform innovation restraining behavior,intellectual property disputes,and consumers’data abuse mainly through ex post supervision and the improvement of legal system;while China has adopted the administrative regulation and the gradually perfected law system to deal with that,and China is gradually entering into the"strong supervision"stage.And in terms of regulation effect,the existing regulation system of China’s e-commerce does not give full play to the competitive advantages of leading enterprises.It is necessary to learn from the attention paid to the Internet"non-centrality"technological innovation in the regulation of the United States,pay attention to the differentiation of different industries,and prevent the systemic risks.The difference between the regulation system of e-commerce in China and the United States reflect not only the differences of e-commerce industry itself,but rather the deeper differences in the development of national economy.In order to give full play to the role of China’s unique advantages in global e-commerce competition and cross-border e-commerce development,China should develop the new economic regulation system with adaptability,fluidity,and predictability.