黑格尔关于伦理与道德观念的三种维度

Three Dimensions of Hegel’s Conception of Ethics and Morality

黑格尔在其学术生涯中,对道德与伦理关系的阐述有着三个时期三个维度的变化。青年时期认为伦理是道德下降到习俗然后再从习俗上升到道德的循环,理论带有神秘主义形式的同时又带有浓厚的康德主义色彩,其现实所指向的就是德国16—18世纪的思想和伦理生活。耶拿时期则认为道德是对伦理的扬弃,从伦理中产生了道德,在《精神现象学》中,道德从伦理过程之中发展而来。这里的伦理指古希腊城邦、古罗马帝国的未经反思的政治生活,是作为直接性的伦理而出现的。但在柏林时期也就是黑格尔哲学体系的成熟时期,在其《法哲学》与《哲学全书》的体系之中,伦理则是道德之后自由展开的过程,在这里伦理的含义不是未经反思的、直接的伦理内容,而是作为现代国家秩序构建的伦理生活,是经过反思的客观精神,也就是作为合理性的社会组织。伦理与道德三重维度经历了三个思维的过程,先验思维、知性思维与理性思维。因此,每一个伦理在其思维的结构和架构之中具有不同的内容和内涵,对应了黑格尔自身体系逻辑是范畴自我发展的过程,即精神自我认识的过程。

During his academic career, Hegel’s exposition of the relationship between morality and ethics has changed in three periods and three dimensions. During the youth religious period, ethics was regarded as a cycle from morality to custom and then from custom to morality. The theory was mystical and Kantian, and pointed to the religious and ethical life in Germany in the 16th-18th century. In Jena’s time, morality was the sublation of ethics, and morality came into being from ethics. In Phenomenology of Spirit, morality developed from the process of ethics. Ethics here refers to the city-states of ancient Greece and the unreflective political life of the ancient Roman Empire, which appeared as a direct ethics. But in the Berlin period, the period of the maturation of Hegel’s philosophical system, in his Philosophy of Law and the Complete Works of Philosophy, ethics is the process of free unfolding after morality, where ethics does not mean unreflected,direct ethical content, but ethical life as the construction of the modern state order, an objective spirit of reflection, that is, the organization of society as rationality. The ethical and moral threefold dimension undergoes three processes of thinking, a priori thinking, intellectual thinking and rational thinking. Each ethic thus has a different contents and connotations within the structure and architecture of its thinking, corresponding to the logic of Hegel’s own system as a process of self-development of categories, that is,of spiritual self-knowledge.